Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Navarre Under the Franco Regime

The main point we emphasize is that the regime retained Foral Navarre during the dictatorship because of their support since the beginning of the uprising.

The First Phase: Tensions and Resistance (1939–1960)

In the first phase, tensions were highlighted between Carlists and Falangists, despite the unification produced during the war. The Carlists felt that their politics had been forgotten by the new authorities. In the 1950s, a dynastic crisis divided the Carlists between two candidates: Don Javier and Don Juan de Borbón.

• Since 1943, Montejurra concentrations began, resulting in political acts of opposition to Franco.
• Despite the maintenance of the charters, there were some clashes with the civil governors.
• In

The First Spanish Republic

The Proclamation of the Republic

When Amadeo I abdicated, it was easier to proclaim a republic, the first in Spanish history. The First Spanish Republic was approved on February 11, 1873, by a large majority. Estanislao Figueras was elected to head the republic. Many voted for the republic as a strategy to gain time to arrange the return of the Bourbons to the throne. Therefore, the republic did not have much chance of success and suffered international isolation. The popular classes received the republic with enthusiasm because they thought it would improve their social lives. In the cities, there were popular protests to demand improvements in working hours, wages, and other conditions.

The Attempt to Establish a Federal

Korean War: A Conflict in the Cold War

The Korean War was fought on the Korean peninsula from June 1950 to July 1953. It began as a conflict between South Korea (Republic of Korea) and North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), after the latter invaded the former's territories. The conflict quickly escalated into a limited international war involving the United States and 19 other nations. From a broader perspective, the Korean War was a result of the Cold War. The reasons for North Korea's invasion of South Korea were related to the boundary set at the 38th parallel, as well as international circumstances. Contrary to initial claims, North Korea apparently attacked South Korea without the knowledge of the Soviet Union or the People'...

The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country (1979)

Type

Primary source

Legal Status

Law

Content

Political text

Author

Collective (representatives of the pre-autonomous Basque General Council)

Status

Drafted by PNV, PSOE, and others + approved by Corts + sanctioned by King (Juan Carlos I) + signed by President of Government (Adolfo Suárez)

Addressee

Law → all citizens of EH →public text

Objective

Be one of the fundamental laws of EH, culminating the process that Basque people desire = self-government as enshrined in Spanish Constitution of 1978 + on the basis of 36 statutes abrogated during Fascism.

Location and Date

Royal Palace, Madrid, 18 December 1979

Context

In the period of the Spanish Transition, after Franco's death in 1975, that was a period of...

The Decline and Partial Restoration of the Fueros (1839-1868)

Under General Espartero, a new decree (1841) was issued for the 3 Basque provinces: General Juntas and Councils were abolished, civil governors would be appointed to the Basque provinces from Madrid, tolls were changed to the seaports, and tax exemption and exemption from conscription and civil law were maintained.

Another new law was issued for Navarre called Ley Paccionada (16 Aug 1841). Through this law, Navarre ceased to be a kingdom and became a province, the old Cortes of Navarre and the tax exemption were abolished, Navarre lost its legislative power, and tolls were set up on the Pyrenees border with France. The province could still raise taxes, and a fixed amount, a quota,...

The Impact of the 1936 Uprising on Galician Language

The military uprising of 1936 severely halted the development and normalization of the Galician language. This period was marked by the repression of its representatives, many of whom were executed, such as Alexandre Bóveda, or forced into exile, like Castelao. Others, such as Otero Pedrayo, were stripped of their positions while in Portugal.

This repression led to an impoverishment of the economy, which in turn brought about significant migratory processes from rural areas to cities. This demographic shift was directly reflected in the loss of Galician speakers in favor of Castilian.

Factors Contributing to Linguistic Decline

Several other factors influenced the decline of the native Galician...

Early Reforms of the Second Spanish Republic

Educational and Cultural Initiatives

The primary objective was to promote a liberal, secular education, with the state as a guarantor of the right to education. Over 10,000 schools were created and 7,000 teachers employed, attempting to put an end to the hegemony of religious education and adopting a mixed-gender school model. Furthermore, Republican leaders were convinced of the need to improve the cultural level of the general population. Pedagogical missions were established, including rural libraries, choirs, and theater groups, along with public conferences.

Labor Reforms and Worker Rights

Socialist minister Francisco Largo Caballero initiated a series of reforms to improve labor conditions. The

Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic

The failure of the democratic monarchy cleared the way for the Republicans, as they were the only ones whose system of government had not yet been tested. On February 11, 1873, after the abdication of Amadeus of Savoy, the Cortes were forced to proclaim the First Republic, which lasted only eleven months. In such a short period, four presidents held office: Figueras, Pi i Maragall, Salmerón, and Castelar.

Key Stages of the First Spanish Republic

1. Estanislao Figueras: Moderate Republicanism (Feb-May 1873)

   Estanislao Figueras's stage was undoubtedly the most moderate of the Republic. This was evident from the fact that four ministers from Amadeo's government, despite being anti-monarchist, now joined the

Institutionalization of the Francoist Regime: The Organic Laws

The dictator, who concentrated all power, assumed the constitutional role. Gradually, various organizational laws were approved, forming what came to be known as the Fundamental Laws of the Regime:

• Labour Law (1938)

  This law prohibited free trade unions. Following the Fascist model, the Union Organization was set up as the single trade union controlled by the Falange.

• Constitutive Act of the Cortes (1942)

  The Cortes were elected by indirect suffrage based on various corporations: the family, the municipality, and the union. In practice, these were rigged elections, and elected representatives were those favored by the regime.

• Fuero de los Españoles (Jurisdiction of the Spanish, 1945)

Juan Carlos I: Proclamation Speech Analysis

This is an analysis of a primary source document of political significance: the proclamation speech delivered by Juan Carlos de Borbón in the Cortes (Spanish Parliament) upon his accession as King of Spain, two days after the death of Francisco Franco.

The King addressed the Spanish people in the Chamber of Parliament, which was at full capacity. The Queen, the Prince, the Infantes, and the King's parents were present. The event was broadcast by all media outlets.

Don Juan Carlos de Borbón, born in Rome in 1938, was the son of Don Juan, Count of Barcelona, and grandson of King Alfonso XIII. He received advice from several individuals in drafting the speech, but the final version was his own.

The Law...