Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Annual disaster and its consequences This situation is aggravated by the military disaster of Annual (July 1921) in the Rif: 12,000 Spanish soldiers died. The leftist opposition demanded an investigation (file Picasso). Responsibilities involving political, military and the king himself. Given this critical situation, some guiding the army decided to intervene and take control of power. The master head genral of Catalonia in the coup that would end 47 years of operation of the Constitution of 1876.

Canalejas Liberal Party conducted a far-reaching political regeneration between 1910-1912, new labor laws, elimination of consumption tax, the Padlock Act (which limited the creation of new convents and religious institutions) and especially Recruitment...

1. HOMINIZACIÓN PROCESS IN THE PI: NEW FINDINGS.
Humans, like other species is the consequence of a long evolutionary process called humanization. According to new findings, the evolutionary process of the European population followed these steps: • Homo Preceded They are the oldest remains found in the Sierra de Atapuerca. Descended from Homo ergaster. Features: cannibalism, small brain, big and strong, like the current face. • Homo Heidelbgergensis: Found the largest human fossil site in the world the Sima de los Huesos in Atapuerca Lasierra.

• Homo Neanderthalensis: This spice has many similarities with modern humans, however, we are not descended from Neanderthals. They fire, made stone tools, burial of the dead. •Homo sapiens,...

International Isolation of Francoist Spain

After World War II, Spain was sidelined internationally. The victorious countries regarded the Franco regime as a vestige of the fascism they had fought against. The major powers—the U.S., USSR, and Britain—agreed that Spain would not be admitted into the newly established United Nations (UN) due to its past links with Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy.

In 1946, the UN General Assembly adopted several resolutions condemning the Franco government, considering it a threat to world peace and recommending that UN member countries break diplomatic relations with Spain. The French Pyrenees border was completely closed until 1948. Spain was excluded from the Marshall Plan, and only five ambassadors remained...

Organic Law of the State

The Organic Law of Spain specifies that some areas of law should be regulated, such as the Laws of Development of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which was the basis for the Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities of Spain. Juridically, organic laws are at the same level as ordinary laws. The difference between the two is in the more restrictive process for creating organic laws and in the matters that they regulate. It was written by Franco on January 11, 1967, and it is a first-level legal text.

During the last years of Franconism, there were more problems than ever, and the economic development did not manage to attract people’s support. Citizens asked for changes not only in the economy but in...

Italian Unification

The Risorgimento, or Italian Unification, developed in three phases:

First Phase (1849-1860)

Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, King of Sardinia, directed the unification process. He counted on the assistance of his Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. Sardinia allied with France to combat Austria, which was defeated in the battles of Magenta and Solferino. France allied with Austria, and Piedmont only received Lombardy. In 1860, Parma, Modena, and Romagna voted in a parliament to join Piedmont. These common areas were dominated by Victor Emmanuel II, who called it the Italian Parliament.

Second Phase (1860-1865)

This phase saw the incorporation of Sicily. Cavour had the support of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a Republican and nationalist....

Francoism: Political Evolution

Francoism was a political ideology characterized by its ultra-Catholic and militaristic nature. It defended an exclusive and aggressive nationalism, with Franco considered a providential figure chosen by God to save the country. Catholicism was equated with the nation, and the regime identified with past imperialist models like the Catholic Monarchs and the Habsburgs.

Enemies of the state were identified as liberals, Masons, Jews, socialists, communists, and anarchists. The regime favored national unity, authority, and hierarchy, while opposing democracy, separation of powers, and liberal revolutions. It sought to dissolve Catalan, Basque, and Galician nationalist sentiments, identifying Spain with Castile.

Key Features

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Second Phase: Axis Initiatives (1940-1942)

The Battle of Britain

• The extensive use of aircraft resulted in significant losses of both personnel and planes for the Germans.

Intervention in the Balkans

• On October 28, 1940, the Italian army invaded Greece.
• Germany's intervention in the Balkans had two primary objectives:
  • Secure oil wells.
  • Control mines of lead, zinc, and bauxite to prevent the Balkans from falling under Soviet control.

The African Front

• This front was critical for controlling the Mediterranean and gaining access to the oil fields of the Near East.
• British and Italian forces clashed in Libya and Egypt.
• On October 23, 1940, Hitler and Franco met at Hendaye to discuss Spain's potential entry into the Axis. However, Spain was in no condition

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Alfonso XIII's Manifesto: The Fall of the Spanish Monarchy

This text is of a political and historical nature. The author is Alfonso XIII, and his manifesto was published by the newspaper ABC, a monarchist publication founded in 1902 by Torcuato Luca de Tena. The manifesto was released on April 17, 1931, just five days after the municipal elections and three days after the proclamation of the Second Republic. This period marked the fall of the monarchy, which had been anticipated.

The monarchy's decline began with the waning of the Primo de Rivera regime, a period known as the "Dictablanda" (soft dictatorship). The monarchy's downfall was caused by various pre-existing problems, but the final straw was the failure of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship....

The Regency of Maria Cristina and the Liberal Cause

Since 1833, Maria Cristina of Naples took the regency for her daughter, Isabella II, until she reached the age of majority. The Queen placed Martinez de la Rosa at the head of the government, who approved the Royal Statute (1834) to ensure closer adherence to the liberal Isabelline cause.

Agricultural Challenges and the Need for Reform

By 1833, agriculture remained the backbone of the Spanish economy. After the death of Ferdinand VII, the major socio-political impediments to agricultural growth and modernization were the excess of mortmain land, the lack of economic freedoms, and the unequal distribution of land.

The Three Pillars of Liberal Reform in 1837

Liberals began a reform in 1837 based...

Primo de Rivera's Coup d'État

On September 13, 1923, **Primo de Rivera** led a military coup, agreed upon and supported by the king, the church, conservative political parties, employer organizations, and Catholic unions. The reasons were diverse and included the social environment of violence, the radicalization of Catalan nationalism, and the discrediting of the parliamentary system.

The Crisis of the Canovas System

Since 1917, it was clear that the Canovas system was unable to accommodate the new political and social forces. This crisis was framed within a context in which Europe was also in crisis due to the weakening of liberal policies, the discontent of the population due to the impossibility of reforming political systems, and an exalted...