Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

The Democratic Transition in Navarre

In Navarre, the "Transition" was marked by significant conflict, stemming from economic and social changes since the 1960s. This process mirrored the rest of Spain: in the referendum on the Political Reform Law (LRP), support reached 92%. After the first general election (June 1977), the largest parties were UCD and PSOE, which dominated representation in Congress.

The 1978 Constitution recognized the historical rights of the foral territories. Navarre had maintained its administrative and fiscal prerogatives and its Foral regime during the Franco era. The possibility of Navarre joining a Basque Autonomous Community (CAV) of four provinces was supported by Basque nationalists and a sector of the population....

Franco's Economic Policy: Autarky and Liberalization

The Axes of Autarky

The Franco regime implemented an economic policy of autarky. This policy aimed for a state to be considered politically and militarily strong, and thus had to be economically self-sufficient. At the conclusion of military hostilities, the Spanish economy was profoundly disjointed. Agricultural and industrial production was much lower than in 1935, gold and currency reserves were depleted, and the transport network was severely damaged. The regime sought to achieve economic self-isolation from the outside world and replace the liberal economic system with an interventionist state policy, taking charge of industrializing the country. Autarky had three main areas:

• The first

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Mendizábal's Disentailment Objectives

Mendizábal pursued three main objectives:

• Financial: To seek income to repay state debts.
• Political: To expand the number of supporters of liberalism by creating a sector of owners who felt attached to the Isabelline liberal regime. Buyers of confiscated goods would thus bind their fate to victory in the liberal camp during the war.
• Social: To create an agrarian middle class of farmer-owners.

Outcomes of Mendizábal's Reforms

However, the results were disappointing. The enormous debt was not settled. The political objective was only partly achieved because liberalism gained fewer enemies among the most Catholic population than hoped. The social objective was not achieved because many of the lands were placed...

The Spanish Civil War: Origins and Factions

1. The Outbreak of War: From Coup to Civil Conflict

The conservative opposition to the political democratization and social reforms of the Second Republic led to a coup attempt.

On July 17, 1936, an uprising occurred in the military garrison at Melilla, led by Colonel Yagüe, against the Republic. Franco, leading the Army of Africa, arrived on the Peninsula on the 18th. Between July 18 and 19, the uprising spread to numerous cities across Spain. The government was slow to react, and soon the rebels had established strongholds in Pamplona, Seville, Old Castile, Galicia, and parts of Aragon, including Zaragoza.

On July 19, Casares Quiroga was replaced as Prime Minister by José Giral, who decided to arm...

Caciquismo: Political Control in Restoration Spain

Caciquismo was a system that perpetuated political ignorance, stemming from the dominance of local landowning families who sought to maintain their property interests and control municipal and provincial governments. This resulted in an electoral system beyond the control of most Spaniards, widespread mismanagement, and a justice system serving the powerful.

Foundations of the Canovist System

The Canovist System was moderate and conservative, thus enjoying broad social and institutional support. Its proponents were convinced that the Restoration would bring order and peace after the Revolutionary Sexenio, which was deemed essential for the proper conduct of business.

Social Support for the Canovist

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Spanish Elections: Ideologies and Political Landscape

The political landscape revealed a strategy for amnesty and the Statute of Catalonia, confronting an entrenched fascist right. Anarchist sentiment was significant in these elections. Three main ideologies were voted upon: reform without revolution, fascism, and revolution. The Popular Front (PF) won by a small margin, but the electoral law granted them more seats, leading to a government formed exclusively by republicans.

Electoral Analysis Notes

Although there were over 30 parties, the graph (not provided here) likely focused on only the 14 most prominent ones.

Major Political Parties and Movements

PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)

A mass party with Marxist ideology, the PSOE recovered...

The Cánovas System: The Constitution of 1876

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was the creator of the political system of the Bourbon Restoration. On December 1, 1874, Alfonso XII published the Manifesto of Sandhurst (prepared by Cánovas). In theory, it was a response to congratulations received on his birthday. The manifesto stated that the only solution to the problems of Spain, "from the working classes to the highest", lay in the restoration of the traditional Bourbon monarchy. It outlined the principles of the future proclamation of the monarchy as being in dialogue, constitutional, and democratic, with a willingness to integrate much of the political progress achieved during the six-year period and not carry out political reprisals.

Cánovas'

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Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

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Topic: ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF disentailed
Secularization is a legal change of the property related depreciation and circulating free passes.
The sale was upheld by the learned to remove the related assets or property held in dead "and revive the economy. The main confiscations were developed by the progressive liberals.
The sale is made in two phases:
1) by the state seizure of assets from "dead hand" that become national assets.
2) auction.

Background
The first agricultural measures are initiated in the reign of Charles III and continue to Godoy in the reign of Charles IV. Faced with the approach of the enlightened (disentail to reform, although slightly agricultural economics), arises from Godoy disentail to improve public finances....