Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Greek for Secondary education

Birth of Iberian Christian Kingdoms (8th-10th C.)

The Cantabrian and Pyrenees regions were the origin of new Christian kingdoms formed in the northern Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and 9th centuries.

The Kingdom of Asturias and León

The Kingdom of Asturias emerged in the first half of the 8th century. In 718, Visigoths elected Don Pelayo (Pelagius) as their king. This king confronted the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga (722). The court was established in Oviedo. Its maximum expansion coincided with the reign of Afonso III (866-910). In the 10th century, the capital was moved to León, and it became known as the Kingdom of León.

The Rise of Castile

Castile was a border zone defending against Muslim incursions from the Ebro Valley. It was...

Mastering English Quantifiers

Reviewing Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Before diving into specific quantifiers, remember the fundamental difference between countable and uncountable nouns when asking questions:

Using "How Much" and "How Many" in Questions

Further Practice:

Comparatives

We use comparatives to compare two things, people, or concepts.

• John is thinner than Bob.
• It's more expensive to travel by train than by bus.
• My house is smaller than my friend's house.

Comparative Rules

One Syllable Adjectives – Add -er

• CHEAP – CHEAPER
• FAST – FASTER
• LIGHT – LIGHTER

One Syllable Adjectives Ending in E – Add -r

• NICE – NICER
• FINE – FINER
• WIDE – WIDER

Two or More Syllables Adjectives – Use More/Less

• BEAUTIFUL – MORE BEAUTIFUL / LESS BEAUTIFUL
• INTERESTING – MORE INTERESTING / LESS INTERESTING

Irregular Adjectives

• GOOD – BETTER
• BAD – WORSE
• FAR – FURTHER / FARTHER

One Syllable Adjectives Ending in CVC – Double the Last Consonant + -er

• HOT – HOTTER
• BIG – BIGGER
• FAT – FATTER

Two Syllables Adjectives Ending in

Modal Verbs: Obligation, Probability, and Suggestions

• Obligation: Must (debe/obligación); Have to (tienes que).
• Prohibition: Mustn't (prohibido/no debo); Don't have to (no tienes que).
• Probability/Possibility: May/May not (puede); Might (podría).
• Suggestion: Should (debería/aconsejar).
• Ability: Can (poder/no poder).

Future Tenses

• Will: Used for spontaneous decisions or the distant future.
• Going to: Used for plans, intentions, or predictions based on evidence.

Present Continuous for Future

Used for planned actions that may change (e.g., "I am visiting the doctor this evening at 7:30"). It is also used for decisions already made, often accompanied by a future time indicator (e.g., "Tomorrow I am painting my house; I have already bought the paint").

Present

Common Phrases and Idioms

• I'm not the best, but I'm trying my best. No sóc el millor, però faig tot el que puc.
• to get on a high horse ser arrogant
• My girlfriend twisted my arm to go to the theatre, but I hate it. La meva nòvia em va persuadir per anar al teatre, però ho odio.
• Paul always has a list of things to do as long as your arm. El Paul sempre té una llista de coses a fer tan llarga com el teu braç.
• They walked arm in arm along the beach. Ells van caminar abraçats per tota la platja.
• It's so easy that even a small child can do it. És tan fàcil que fins i tot un nen petit ho pot fer.
• We should have met up last weekend. Hauríem d'haver quedat el cap de setmana passat.
• Do I have to join the club if I want to play golf? He de pertànyer

Vocabulary and Grammar Exercises

Section 1: Word Associations

• 1 Thunder, lightning
• 2 Arteries, skin
• 3 Lips, colourless
• 4 Disgusted, horrified
• 5 Trial, guilty
• 6 Fright, terrifying

Section 2: Phrasal Verbs

• 1 Give up
• 2 Takes place
• 3 Burst into
• 4 Broke off
• 5 Made up
• 6 Looking forward to
• 7 Bring up
• 8 Set off
• 9 Kept going
• 10 Set to

Section 3: Verb Tenses

• 1 Had been sailing
• 2 Were travelling
• 3 Had died
• 4 Introduced
• 5 Have not written
• 6 Looked
• 7 Have been crying
• 8 Had reached

Section 4: Contextual Choices

• 1 Wondered
• 2 Aimed, shot
• 3 Howled, whispered
• 4 Rage, grief
• 5 Bury, grave

Section 5: Phrase Practice

Burst into tears - carry out experiments - change his mind - pluck up the courage - blow the boat off course - draw his last breath

Blew the boat off course - plucked up the courage -...

Glosario de términos históricos de España

Despotismo Ilustrado: Sistema político de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII que defendía el incremento del poder absoluto del rei para que, ayudado de las luces de la razón, impulsase las reformas necesarias para incrementar la riqueza del reino y la felicidad y bienestar de sus súbditos. Su lema fue «todo para el pueblo pero sin el pueblo». El mejor representante en España fue Carlos III.

Motín de Esquilache

Motín de Esquilache: Revuelta popular acontecida en Madrid en 1766 provocada por el decreto de Esquilache, ministro de Carlos III, que prohibía el uso de capas largas y sombreros de ala ancha. Su origen está en el descontento social por la carestía del pan, la oposición de los privilegiados...

Joan Oliver / Pere Quart. Va néixer a Sabadell. Estudià dret i, durant aquesta època, formà part del Grup de Sabadell, moviment d'avantguarda en una versió divertida i superficial. Joan Oliver s'amagà darrere del pseudònim Pere Quart per escriure poesia. Abans de la guerra publicà articles periodístics, narracions, reculls de poemes i una comèdia. Durant la guerra, la seva actitud fou militant i les seves tasques es multiplicaren: va ser fundador de la Institució de les Lletres Catalanes, organitzador de les biblioteques del front, cap de publicacions de la Conselleria de Cultura i organitzador de l'evacuació dels escriptors antifeixistes. També publicà poesia i teatre. L'exili el dugué fins a Xile, on continuà escrivint, publicant...