Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geology

Adipocere Formation Over Time

On Earth, over time, adipocere undergoes certain changes that allow us to distinguish between recent (or young) adipocere and old adipocere. Recent adipocere may show little uniformity and thickness on portions of foreign tissues (remains of muscles, tendons, or ligaments). Old adipocere is hard, dry, and somewhat brittle; its structure is more homogeneous.

Conditions for Saponification

Environmental Conditions

Circumstances that favor adipocere formation include:

1. When the corpse has been submerged in water or in an area of low current.
2. When the corpse has been buried in damp clay soil.
3. When many bodies have been buried in contact with each other: the bodies in the lower layers tend to saponify to a greater or lesser

1 - The Deciduous Forest

It consists of tall trees with straight trunks, smooth bark, and large leaves that fall in autumn. This forest type has relatively few species, often forming large masses. The most common features are Carballo oak and beech. In the understory, ferns and mosses thrive in a somber mood created by the treetops.

2 - The Heath and Grasslands

The Landa is a dense shrubland, whose height can be low or reach 4 feet. Its most abundant species are heather, gorse, and broom. The heath is considered a form of deciduous forest degradation or supraforestal vegetation. It is often used for animal bedding and then as fertilizer.

The meadows are herbaceous vegetation occupying large tracts of land with ocean views.

The Vegetation of the

Plate Tectonics: Key Concepts

• Biological Puzzles

  The existence of land bridges or island chains that connected the ancient continents.

• Geographic Enigmas

  The outer edge of the continent is under the sea where the continental shelf terminates.

• Geological Riddles

  There is a correspondence between geological structures present on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Scenarios of Continental Drift

According to Wegener, all continents were part of a large landmass (supercontinent called Pangea).

• Paleomagnetic Tests

  During the cooling of lava, ferrous minerals align. Studying these minerals indicates the position of the north pole.

• Oceanographic Evidence

  The discovery of the oceanic ridge system that splits the great oceans.

• Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

  Harry Hess

Chapter 5 - River Systems

How rivers and streams work – Gradient (know this!)

• Streamflow
  • Factors that determine velocity
  • Gradient, or slope
  • Channel characteristics
    • Shape
    • Size
    • Roughness
    • Discharge – volume of water flowing in the stream (generally expressed as cubic feet per second)
• Gradient highest nearest river source, where is it lowest?
• Upstream-downstream changes
  • Profile
  • Cross-sectional view of a stream
  • From head (source) to mouth
  • Profile is a smooth curve
  • Gradient decreases from the head to the mouth
  • Factors that increase downstream
    • Velocity
    • Discharge

Base level

Rivers flow and/or erode to the lowest level, ultimately to sea level

• Base level
  • Lowest point a stream can erode to
  • Two general types
    • Ultimate – sea level
    • Temporary, or local
  • Changing causes readjustment

Understanding Natural Resources

In human terms, a resource is anything we obtain from the environment to satisfy our needs and desires. All living things require basic resources such as food, water, and shelter. Some resources are directly usable, while others require effort or technology to become useful.

Types of Natural Resources

Perpetual Resources

These resources are virtually inexhaustible on human timescales. Examples include direct and indirect solar energy (wind, running water).

Non-Renewable Resources

Non-renewable resources exist in a fixed amount within the Earth's crust. They may form through natural processes, but over millions or billions of years (e.g., oil takes 600 million years to form). While complete exhaustion is rare, economic... Continue reading "Understanding Natural Resources: Types, Sustainability, and Challenges" »

Landforms and Geological Agents

Forms of relief are shaped by geological agents and influenced by weather patterns.

Factors Influencing Landforms

• Weather
• Human population density
• Vegetation and fauna
• Ground viewpoint
• Subjective aspects

Geological Agents and Relief Modeling

Geological agents, such as rivers, play a crucial role in modeling relief:

• Rivers: Modeling river waters originates wild streams, U-shaped karst waters.
• Coastal wind: Wind modeling.

Climate is a significant factor influencing the type of landscape.

Geologic agents include weather, vegetation, wildlife, and human activities.

The atmosphere influences weather phenomena, climate temperature, and rainfall. Air tends to flow from anticyclones towards depressions, causing wind.

Weathering Processes

Weathering... Continue reading "Landforms and Geological Agents: Shaping Our Environment" »

Environmental Terms Defined

Environment

It's the natural world that surrounds us.

Drought

It's the lack of water and it's related to environmental problems.

Supply

It's the place where I obtain certain resources.

Population

People that live in a determinate place.

Dams

Constructions that are prepared to contain water.

Recycling

It is the process by which you use old material to create a new product.

Environmental Problems

Pollution

It's when the air, water, or earth are damaged or spoiled by gases, toxic waste, or garbage.

Famine

When there is a lack of water.

Species Becomes Extinct

The species disappear completely.

Deforestation

When trees are cut down massively.

The Greenhouse Effect

The gradual warming of the Earth's surface caused by an increase in pollution... Continue reading "Environmental and Weather Terms Defined" »

Psychology of Space

The psychology of space provides insight into how the proper environment makes a person feel and perform. Design elements like lines, space distribution, materials, color, textures, lighting, and installations all play a crucial role.

Lines in Design

Different types of lines can make spaces easier or more difficult to navigate, create dynamism or stability, unity or confusion within an environment. A predominance of vertical lines in a room makes the ceiling seem higher. Upholstered chairs with vertical stripes also produce a sensation of added height, while horizontal stripes make it seem lower. Parallel lines are always harmonious and characteristic, conveying a sense of pleasure and repetitive tranquility. Curved lines can... Continue reading "Space Psychology & Design Elements" »

Materials: A Historical Perspective

Material is anything used to create something, any conglomeration of matter and mass. The history of civilization is linked to the history of materials.

The Stone Age

The Stone Age is the prehistoric period in which humans created tools from natural materials like stone, leather, and wood.

The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age marks the period when humans developed and created the first metal tools.

The Iron Age

The Iron Age represents a significant leap forward, with humans creating more advanced tools and weapons like spears and knives.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, spanning the 19th and 20th centuries, was driven by discoveries such as plastics, silicon derivatives, computers, and textile fibers.... Continue reading "Materials: History, Types, and Properties" »