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Environmental Issues and Their Consequences

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The Greenhouse Effect

The increasing of the greenhouse effect. It's is a natural phenomenon based on the fact that the Earth's atmosphere acts somehow like the glass of a greenhouse, intensified by air pollution. As a result, the amount of heat remaining in the Earth is increasing year after year provoking a rise in the average world temperature.

Acid Rain

Due to the emission of gases into the atmosphere, rain becomes acidic. This rain is produced by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when fossil fuels are burned. These dioxides react with water in the atmosphere and become nitric and sulphuric acid. These acids seep into the Earth and poison plants and trees.

The Holes in the Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a region located in the stratosphere

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Florida's Coastal Ecosystems: Aquifers, Marine Life, and Seagrass

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Florida's Aquifers

1. 150 to 70 million years ago (MYA), sediment formed on basement rock, becoming the bedrock (limestone and related rocks and shells).

2. 70-25 MYA: Various sea level fluctuations occurred during a major hot period, and sedimentation continued.

Biscayne Bay Aquifer

  • Unconfined surficial aquifer
  • Depth ranges from 0 feet in the west to 260 feet in the east

Floridian Aquifer

  • Larger, deeper, and older than the Biscayne Bay Aquifer
  • Confined in South Florida
  • Unconfined in North Florida
  • Saline water in South Florida

3. The Floridian Aquifer was formed between 150-25 MYA.

4. The Biscayne Bay Aquifer was formed between 2 MYA - 125,000 years ago (TYA).

  • Pollution, seepage, and contamination
  • Overuse (unnecessary wasting of water)

Coastal Water

1. Freshwater... Continue reading "Florida's Coastal Ecosystems: Aquifers, Marine Life, and Seagrass" »

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Causes and Consequences of River Flooding in Bangladesh: A Case Study

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The Natural and Human Causes and Consequences of River Flood: Flooding in Bangladesh (LEDC) 1998

Bangladesh has been formed by deposition from three main rivers: the Brahmaputra, the Ganges, and the Meghan. The sediment from these and over 50 other rivers forms one of the largest deltas in the world, with up to 80% of the country located on the delta. As a result, much of the country is just a few meters above sea level and is under threat from flooding and rising sea levels. Bangladesh has a very dense population growth (nearly 2.7% per annum). Almost all of Bangladesh's rivers have their source outside of the country. For example, the drainage basin of the Ganges and Brahmaputra covers 1.75 million km2 and includes the Himalayas, the Tibetan... Continue reading "Causes and Consequences of River Flooding in Bangladesh: A Case Study" »

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Mnemonic for lithosphere,asthenosphere,mesosphere,outer core and inner core

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explicar el modelo geodinámico, hacer un dibujo, explicar cada capa y nombrar las discontinuidades?

geodynamic model: is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth.
Layer: (capas)
- the lithosphere: is dragged along by the movement of the mantle underneath.
- Asthenosphere: This layer lies between lithosphere and mesosphere.
- mesosphere: is the lower mantle, it extends from a depth of 670km to the D'layer.
- The D'Layer: is one of the most dynamic layers of the erath.
- The core: the part of something that is central to its existence or character
.
Precambrian:
Hadean: ( 4.500-4000):
- meteorites to the surface
- intense volcanic activity
- water vapour condensation
-moon formation

Archean: (4000- 2500):
-first living things
- solid crust
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The Impact of Global Warming on Earth: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Classified in Geology

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Global warming:


Nowadays it is difficult to open a newspaper without facing global warming.

This is a problem that is seriously affecting our planet.


First of all, I would like to say that one of the causes of this serious problem is the greenhouse effect, which is produced by carbon dioxide gases from human activities that are trapped in the atmosphere. As a consequence, it produces melting and increases the level of the sea.


Another aspect to consider is another effect of global warming, climate change, which in turn is the cause of the extinction of some species because they change the environmental conditions of their natural habitat.


To sum up, from my point of view, I think we should do everything possible to reduce global warming because... Continue reading "The Impact of Global Warming on Earth: Causes, Effects, and Solutions" »

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Environmental Pollution and Energy Sources

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Environmental Pollution

The negative change of the characteristics of the environment is called Pollution /Clouds containing Sulphur oxides (SOx) produce acid rain/ The depletion that human activities are causing in some products is Exhaustion of raw materials/ The presence in soil of substances in concentrations sufficient to confer harmful, unhealthy or hazardous properties is the Land pollution/ The Sustainable development considers the improvement of living conditions along with the stable ecological balance at the local, regional and global maintenance/ The substance that is opaque to ultraviolet (UV) light, and it blocks about 96% of the UV light that comes from the sun isOzone/ A land-fill site is A big hole that we make in ground to

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Well Logging Techniques: Gamma Ray, Caliper, and Resistivity

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Well Logging in Petroleum Fields

Well logs are used to measure the physical and chemical properties of rocks, especially sedimentary rocks in petroleum fields.

Gamma Ray Logs

Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity in formations. This measurement is used for identifying lithologies and correlating zones.

Uses of Gamma Ray Logs:

  • Identify lithologies
  • Correlate between formations
  • Calculate volume of shale

Caliper Logs

A caliper log is a well logging tool that measures the size and shape of a borehole along its depth. It can indicate cave or shale swelling in the borehole.

Uses of Caliper Logs:

  1. Contributory information for lithological assessment.
  2. Indicator of good permeability and porosity zones (reservoir rock) due to development of mudcake in association
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Cold air pool atpl

Classified in Geology

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Geological agents id the hard weather that shapes landforms.

Warm, cold: The movement of air and water transfers heat from warm areasto cold areas. This produces convection current.

The water cycle: 1.Water from rivers and lakes are evaporated by the sun, it is also reponsible for the water realased during transpiratuion of plants(evotranspiration) .2 When water vapour condenses into clouds are formed. 3. The wind moves the clouds towards interior of continents. 4. The clouds produced precipitations in ther form of rain or snow. 5. That precipitations that colects in glaciars rivers and lakes, then the water continues its journey towards the ocean. 6. When it rains overland the water cycle contributes to geological agents.

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Petroleum Sources: Kerogen Types and Their Significance

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Sources of Petroleum

Petroleum originates from a small fraction of the organic matter deposited in sedimentary environments.

“Source Rock”

The typical “source rock” contains 99% mineral matter and 1% organic matter. The organic matter is composed of 90% kerogen and 10% bitumens.

This organic matter is usually a combination of marine- and terrestrially-derived organic matter (plant) and zooplankton (animal), which constitutes more than 95% of the life in the oceans.

Terrestrial organisms are mainly wind-blown spores and pollen, along with some woody debris from rivers and swamps.

All living matter is composed of four main constituents: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lignins.

Kerogen Types

1. Type I Kerogen

This type of kerogen has a high... Continue reading "Petroleum Sources: Kerogen Types and Their Significance" »

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Biodiversity, Conservation, and Environmental Issues: A Comprehensive Guide

Classified in Geology

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity = Number, variety and variability of Earth’s organisms (of plants and animals)

Levels of Biodiversity

  1. Genetic Diversity - The genetic variety within all populations of that species.

  2. Species Richness - The number of species

  3. Ecosystem Diversity - The variety of ecosystem found on earth. Ex, The forests, prairies, deserts, coral reefs, lakes

Endangerment and Extinction

Species of imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

The death of the last individual of a species.

Leading Causes of Endangerment and Extinction

  • -land use of biodiversity hotspots(biggest contributor to species loss)
  • -The introduction of a foreign species into an ecosystem from  which it did not evolve.
  • -Overexploitation:
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