Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for French

Mastering Reported Speech

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Present Simple --- Past Simple (did, -ed, saw,...)
• Present Continuous --- Past Continuous (was/were +ing)
• Past Simple --- Past Perfect Simple (had studied)
• Present Perfect Simple (have seen) --- Past Perfect Simple
• Will --- Would
• Can --- Could
• May --- Might
• Must / Have to --- Had to

Word Changes in Reported Speech

• Now --- Then
• Today --- That day
• Yesterday --- The day before
• Tonight --- That night
• Tomorrow --- The next day
• Two months ago --- Two months before
• Last week --- The previous week
• Next year --- The following year

Reported Statements

Subject + reporting verb + (that) + subject + verb

He said (that) he was planning to take a gap year after university.

Reported Questions (Yes/No Questions)

Subject +... Continue reading "Mastering Reported Speech and Travel Vocabulary" »

Geography Quiz Challenge

Mike: Here's a geography quiz in the paper.

Wendy: Oh, I love geography! Ask me the questions.

Mike: Sure. First question: Which country is larger, China or Canada?

Wendy: I know! Canada is larger than China.

Mike: Okay, next. What's the longest river in the Americas?

Wendy: Hmm, I think it's the Mississippi.

Mike: Here's a hard one. Which country is more crowded, Monaco or Singapore?

Wendy: I'm not sure. I think Monaco is more crowded.

Mike: Okay, one more. Which South American capital city is the highest: La Paz, Quito, or Bogotá?

Wendy: Oh, that's easy. Bogotá is the highest.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

1. Adding -er and -est to Short Adjectives

For short adjectives (one or sometimes two syllables), add -er for the... Continue reading "Geography Quiz Challenge: Test Your Knowledge" »

Understanding English Modals, Verbs, and Compounds

Modal Verbs and Their Core Uses

• Can

  • Ability
  • Making suggestions
  • Asking for favors
  • Expressing certainty that something is impossible

• Be Able To

  • Ability in the past, present, and future

• Could

  • Skill in the past
  • Polite requests

• May

  • Probability or possibility (greater than 'might')
  • Politely asking for favors

• Might

  • Probability or possibility (less than 'may')

• Would

  • Asking favors (more formal)
  • Making offers or invitations

• Must

  • Obligation or necessity (e.g., law)
  • Certainty that what is said is true

• Have To

  • Obligation (common usage worldwide)

• Need To

  • Expressing need

• Need Not

  • No obligation or necessity

• Must Not

  • Prohibition or ban

• Do Not Have To

  • No obligation or necessity

• Should

  • Advice or opinion (most common use)

• Ought To

  • Advice or opinion

Medieval Cathedral Schools and the Rise of Universities

Cathedral schools first appeared in the East, mirroring older institutions, during the eleventh century. These study centers were similar to their European counterparts. People gathered at these cathedral schools to hear news brought by immigrants from the East. This led to large groups of students undertaking work to survive and learning to read and write.

Here, discussions began on new truths and interpretations of faith. Students also started creating their own guilds, which later gained strength and rights.

The shelters provided by the church to these students offered certain freedoms, including freedom of opinion. Students were arranged in a master-apprentice system, where the teacher... Continue reading "Medieval Cathedral Schools & University Evolution" »

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is characterized by having a noun or other nominal element as its core, such as a pronoun, an infinitive, or a substantive noun.

Modifiers

Examples of modifiers include:

1. Articles
2. Demonstratives
3. Possessives
4. Indefinite pronouns
5. Numerals
6. Interrogative and exclamative pronouns
7. Distributive pronouns

Core Elements

Core elements include:

1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Substantivized elements

Noun Complements (NC)

Examples of noun complements include:

1. Adjectives
2. Prepositional Phrases (PrepP)
3. Noun Phrases in apposition
4. Adjective clauses
5. Substantive clauses

Adjective

An adjective describes a quality of the noun it accompanies. From a syntactic point of view, it has three functions: noun complement, attribute, and predicative complement. From a morphological point... Continue reading "Understanding Noun Phrases, Adjectives, and Verb Phrases" »

English Vocabulary for Legal & Crime Contexts

Adjectives

• Guilty (Culpable)
• Innocent

Nouns

• Court (Juzgado)
• Crime
• Criminal
• Detective
• Evidence (Pruebas)
• Judge (Juez)
• Jury (Jurado)
• Justice (Justicia)
• Law (Derecho)
• Lawyer
• Prison
• Punishment (Castigo)
• Sentence
• Suspect
• Victim
• Witness

Verbs

• Arrest (Detener)
• Commit (Cometer)
• Investigate
• Prove (Demostrar)

Compound Nouns

• Bus stop
• Care home (Residencia)
• Community service (Servicio comunitario)
• Crime scene
• Defence lawyer (Abogado defensor)
• Detective series (Serie de detectives)
• Exam results (Resultado de examen)
• Football team
• Keyboard (Teclado)
• Notebook
• Police car
• Policeman
• School building
• Summer holiday
• Traffic light (Semáforo)

Prepositions with Nouns

• Against the law (En contra de la ley)
• Against the odds (A pesar de los pronósticos)
• At all

Jose

Jose

Jose

rojo

azul

amarillo

centrado y en azul

derecha y en naranja

encabezado

encabezado

hola

este enlace lleva a google

este enlace lleva a decathlon skate

este enlace lleva a skate spain

jose

Molpeceres

Bernal

Body Parts in French

• Les yeux (plural): Eyes
• Un œil: An eye
• Le nez: Nose
• La main: Hand
• Un doigt: A finger
• Le coude: Elbow
• Les cheveux (plural): Hair
• La tête: Head
• Les oreilles (plural): Ears
• Le cou: Neck
• Une épaule: Shoulder
• Le bras: Arm
• Le dos: Back
• Le poing: Fist
• Le genou: Knee
• La poitrine: Chest
• Le pied: Foot
• La jambe: Leg
• Une dent: Tooth
• Le squelette: Skeleton
• Le foie: Liver
• Un muscle: Muscle
• Le cerveau: Brain
• Le cœur: Heart
• Les poumons (plural): Lungs
• L'estomac (masculine): Stomach
• Les artères (plural): Arteries

Family Members in French

• Le père: Father
• La mère: Mother
• Les enfants (plural): Children
• Le frère: Brother
• La sœur: Sister
• Les fils (plural): Sons
• Les filles (plural): Daughters
• Les parents (plural): Parents
• Le grand-père: Grandfather
• La grand-mère: Grandmother
• Les

French Daily Routines

Examples

• D'habitude, je me lève à sept heures: Usually, I get up at 7
• Le dimanche, je me lève à dix heures: On Sunday, I get up at 10
• En semaine, je prends le petit déjeuner vers dix heures et quart: During the week, I take breakfast around 10:15
• Chaque jour j'étudie de 5h à 7h: Every day, I study from 5 to 7
• Le weekend je me couche vers minuit: On weekends, I go to bed around midnight

Questions

• Qu'est-ce que tu fais pendant une journée typique?: What do you do during a typical day?
• Tu te couches vers quelle heure?: What time do you go to bed?
• Est-ce que tu sors beaucoup?: Do you go out often?

Friends' Routines

• Mon ami John se lève le weekend à 9h et en semaine à 7h et demie: My friend John gets up at 9 on weekends and

Expressing Opinions in French

Je crois que - I believe that

Je pense que - I think that

Je trouve que - I find that

Negation in French

Il ne travaille plus en Bretagne. (He no longer works in Brittany)

Je ne vois personne. (I don't see anyone)

Je ne vois rien. (I see nothing)

Je ne mange jamais de viande. (I never eat meat)

Je n'ai qu'une sœur. (I only have one sister)

Indirect Speech in French

Elle dit qu'elle a faim. (She says that she is hungry)

Il dit... (He says...)

Il demande d'aller chercher les... (He asks to go get the...)

Vous allez le voir? Il demande si je vais le voir. (Are you going to see it? He asks if I am going to see it)

Qui es-tu? (subject) Il demande qui je suis. (Who are you? He asks who I am)

Qu'est-ce que tu fais? (COD) Il demande