Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Primary education

The Early Modern Age in England

The Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603)

Henry VII diplomatically ended the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York. This union of the Houses of Lancaster and York is symbolized by the Tudor rose, featuring both red and white.

Tudor Monarchs: A Line of Succession

1. Henry VII
2. Henry VIII (his son)
3. Edward VI (Henry VIII's son)
4. Mary I (Henry VIII's daughter)
5. Elizabeth I (Henry VIII's daughter), known as the "Virgin Queen," whose death in 1603 brought an end to the Tudor dynasty.

Following the tumultuous War of the Roses, a new era dawned with the ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne. Henry VII proclaimed himself King of England, establishing a powerful new line.

The Tudor dynasty proved to be a strong and stable...

A Childhood Robbery

When Gaizka and I were little, about eleven years old, we used to go out in the evenings to play in a park. We often met up with Ane's little brother, whose name is Peio. We had a great time every afternoon playing ball in that park.

But one day, while the three of us were in the park, a man approached and asked us the time. We told him, and then he demanded our cell phones. We tried to move away, but the man took out a knife, held it to my chest, and said, "Give me the phone, or I'll stab you."

Finally, we gave him the phones, and he disappeared. The next day, we went to the police to report the incident. After a few days, they called Gaizka and me, telling us they had arrested him and that we needed to go testify. Gaizka...

Business Collocations

Common business collocations and verb + noun combinations:

• do business; do a job
• make money; make a loss
• launch a product; launch a campaign
• cut costs; cut jobs
• reach a decision; reach a target
• run a business; run a company

Past Simple — Time Expressions

Typical markers for the past simple include:

• Yesterday
• Last week/month/year, etc.
• Ago
• In/at/on + time (e.g., on Monday)

Present Perfect — Time Expressions

Common words and phrases used with the present perfect:

• Since
• For
• Yet
• Already
• Just
• So far / up to now
• Always / ever / never

Exercises

Choose the correct time expression or option for each sentence:

1. The staff training programme was upgraded.
   Options: a) Last year   b) in the late 1990s
2. The first computer was invented.
   Options: a) In the

Office Skills Assessment

True or False

1. Ms. Ellis is sending a quote for office equipment. False
2. Ms. Ellis is a special client. False
3. The order includes large envelopes and staplers. True
4. Paul Carter doesn’t accept the payment terms. False
5. They will send the goods by the end of April. True

Answer the Questions

1. What is the purpose of the letter? The purpose is to inform about a quote for office equipment.
2. Have the two companies done business before? No, they haven’t.
3. What discount is offered? It’s 10%.
4. Is the discount offered to all customers? No, it isn’t.
5. What must Ms. Ellis do to get the items requested on Monday, April 30th? She must confirm her order within the next 48 hours.

Circle the Word That Doesn’t Belong in Each Group

1. invoice - subtotal

English Irregular Verbs List

Infinitive - Simple Past - Past Participle - Translation (Português)

• to be - was/were - been - ser, estar
• to become - became - become - tornar-se
• to begin - began - begun - começar, iniciar
• to break - broke - broken - quebrar, romper
• to bring - brought - brought - trazer
• to build - built - built - construir
• to buy - bought - bought - comprar
• to catch - caught - caught - pegar
• to choose - chose - chosen - escolher
• to come - came - come - vir
• to cost - cost - cost - custar
• to cut - cut - cut - cortar
• to do - did - done - fazer
• to drink - drank - drunk - beber
• to drive - drove - driven - dirigir
• to eat - ate - eaten - comer
• to fall - fell - fallen - cair
• to feel - felt - felt - sentir
• to find - found - found - achar
• to fly - flew - flown

Year-Old Lancashire Voter: Alfie McKenzie

A 14-year-old boy from Lancashire who voted in the general election said he did it because he “wanted to make a difference.”

Questions

• FALSE: Alfie McKenzie voted Tory (line 1).
• FALSE: Alfie’s mum wanted him to vote (line 17).
• FALSE: Alfie McKenzie is not interested in politics (line 11).
• TRUE: Alfie McKenzie received a polling card (final lines 17–18).

Lexicon

• Revealed in private — confided
• Discovered — caught
• Distrust — suspect
• Get — received

Phonetics

• Needed — (confided, decided)
• From — (after, difference)

Use of English

• Original: "The case has being looking by the police." — Corrected: "The case has been looked into by the police."
• Original: "Alfie had been asked him not to vote for her mum.

Professional Modeling

If you are determined to follow a career as a professional model, there are some things to keep in mind.

Building your modeling career takes time, effort, and dedication. A model must be strong-minded and resilient. You must be prepared to endure long hours with fashion designers while maintaining a positive and helpful attitude.

No one wants to work with a model who makes work harder with a negative attitude.

There is no perfect model. You can take care of your skin and stay in good shape, but what truly matters is:

• Your individual presence in front of the camera or on the runway.
• How you creatively realize your personal vision.
• How you collaborate with photographers and designers.

Only you can bring this out of yourself.

To finish,...

English Irregular Verbs: A to L

B

• Beat - beat - beaten: golpear
• Become - became - become: volverse
• Begin - began - begun: empezar
• Bend - bent - bent: doblar
• Bet - bet - bet: apostar
• Bite - bit - bitten: morder
• Bleed - bled - bled: sangrar
• Blow - blew - blown: soplar
• Bring - brought - brought: traer
• Build - built - built: construir
• Burn - burnt - burnt: quemar
• Burst - burst - burst: explotar

C

• Choose - chose - chosen: elegir
• Come - came - come: venir

D

• Deal - dealt - dealt: negociar
• Dig - dug - dug: excavar
• Draw - drew - drawn: dibujar
• Dream - dreamt - dreamt: soñar
• Drive - drove - driven: conducir

F

• Fall - fell - fallen: caer
• Feed - fed - fed: alimentar
• Feel - felt - felt: sentir
• Fight - fought - fought: pelear
• Find - found - found: buscar
• Forbid - forbade - forbidden:

English Irregular Verbs Reference Table

This table provides a comprehensive list of common English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation.