Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Electronics

P.S: every day,sometimes,always,never/I don't-doesn't

The simple present tense

is One of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general Truths, and fixed arrangements.

1^st Person normal, do, don’t.

3^rd Add -s question does, doesn’t,

For habits
He drinks tea at Breakfast.
She only eats fish.

Present perfect

Affirmative: 1^st have walked, 3^rd Has walked

Negative: 1^st haven’t walked, 3^rd Hasn’t walked

Interrogative 1^st have I walked? 3^rd Has she walked?

Present continuous

1^st I/you am/are going, i/you am not/ aren’t Going, am I going? Are you going?

3^rd he is going, he isn’t going, is he Going?

Present perfect continuous: Has been + ing

1^st I have been, I haven’t been, have I been living?

3^rdShe has been, she hasn't Been running, has

O’CLIL stems from the CLIL methodology, aiming to increase foreign language exposure, incorporate new contexts, and offer meaningful input to young students. The playground, dining room, or even the bathroom can become rich settings for content development. Daily routines allow for the repetition of meaningful language. Children’s actions can be orally described by the teacher, and visual aids like real objects provide extra interest and meaning to language learning. Even gesturing while speaking helps to better understand the message.

Linguistic Competence

• Reinforce grammar and syntax.
• Foster vocabulary comprehension. Vocabulary is presented in a context full of repetitions, providing learners with ample opportunities to understand and check

Language Acquisition Theories

Imitation Theory

Children hear speech around them and copy it. When a child is raised in an English-speaking environment, they acquire English. Although, mistakes such as over-generalization ("goed" and "bes") are predictable and consistent.

Reinforcement Theory

Adults coach children when using language by praise and by correcting them. Parents may sometimes correct the truth of the statement rather than the form. The children's mistakes are often rule-governed (perhaps by always adding the suffix -ed to form past tense).

Active Construction of a Grammar Theory

Rules are hypothesized by the linguistic inputs recognized by children acquiring language. As children continuously receive language input, their language is... Continue reading "Language Acquisition: Theories and Stages of Development" »

**Listening: "Listen and Do"**

Listen and do activities require an action as a response. This allows you to immediately check if children understand or if they do not.

**1. Giving Instructions**

Some instructions that teachers can give to children in class are: "Okay, sit down, please," "Okay, everybody, stop talking now and listen carefully."

**2. Listening and Identifying**

When children do "listening and identifying" activities, they are practicing a basic language skill: listening, making sense of English words and phrases, and acquiring meaning and sound together.

For these activities, you can use the classroom and all the things the children can see, such as wall charts, pictures, or objects that children create.

**3. Listening and Doing: Total

Problem 1: Calculating Clock Rate

When a program is run on Computer X, 50% of the execution time is CPU time. A better Computer Y reduces the execution time by 20%. It is known that Computer Y has a clock rate of 2 GHz, and it takes Computer Y 10% more clock cycles to execute the program. In addition, Computer Y can only reduce CPU time. What is the clock rate in GHz of Computer X? The answer must have exactly one digit after the decimal point, even if it is zero, e.g. 2.0 or 0.9.

[Clock Rate Y - (Clock Rate Y)(Clock Cycle % Y)] - [Clock Rate Y - (Clock Rate Y)(Clock Cycle % Y)][Computer Y Reduction Time]

2 GHz - (2 GHz)(10%) = 1.8 GHz

1.8 GHz - 1.8 GHz(20%) = 1.44 GHz

Answer: 1.4 GHz

Problem 2: Base-2 Fractional Number Conversion

When converting... Continue reading "Computer Architecture and Number Conversion Problems" »

Linguistic Definitions: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics

Phonology: The study of the sound system of a particular language.

Morphology: The study of the form and formation of words in a particular language, including the arrangement of sounds into minimal meaningful units (morphemes) and the classification of words into parts of speech.

Syntax: The study of how words are arranged into higher units, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences, focusing on word order.

Semantics: The study of meaning.

Pragmatics: The study of language in use, including the function of language in its social context, covering a wide range of topics.

Implicature and Grammaticalization

Implicature: What the speaker means or implies rather than what he... Continue reading "Understanding Linguistics: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax & Semantics" »

An electronic circuit is a combination of components that function as a whole to perform a certain treatment of electrical signals. Examples include generating radio waves, significantly increasing the power of the signal, and recovering images.
The active components are those that can generate, modify, or expand the electrical signal, such as batteries, generators, diodes, and transistors.
The passive components are those that provide no gain but consume electricity, such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors.

Integrated circuits are electronic circuits in which components are microscopic in size and are contained within a silicon crystal, called a chip. Each chip is enclosed in a plastic sleeve, and the sides have a set of pads that connect... Continue reading "Understanding Electronic Circuits and Their Components" »