Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Electronics

Atomic Structure and Electric Charge

The following table summarizes the structure of an atom:

Electric charge is the excess or deficit of electrons in a body. It is measured in Coulombs.

Electric Current

Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. A conductor material contains many free electrons. Materials that do not have free electrons are insulators. For current to exist, there must be free electrons and a potential difference. Current can be of two types:

• Direct Current (DC): Electrons move in the same direction.
• Alternating Current (AC): Electrons change direction periodically,

Elements of Text Analysis

Fundamental Text Organization

A text is typically organized into three distinct parts: introduction, development, and conclusion. The development of a topic can exhibit linear progression. This progression might involve presenting diverse aspects (fragmentation) or consistently elaborating on a central theme (constant development). Understanding how an issue is presented, potentially drawing from various sources or perspectives, is key to its analysis.

Text Typology

Expository Texts

• Feature: To explain or inform about something, aiming for understanding.
• Structure: Typically follows an introduction-development-conclusion pattern.
• Techniques: Uses non-verbal supports (e.g., graphics, diagrams) and verbal supports (e.g., title,

Electric Machines: An Overview

Electric machines: any device capable of generating, transforming, or using electric power (generators, alternators, transformers, motors)

Transformers

Transformers: These static machines modify the characteristics of electric current (I and V). They consist of a ferromagnetic core sheet and two windings. The first winding transports high voltage current, and the second circuit is for use. They function through electromagnetic induction, generating an electromotive force (AC).

Motors

Motors: Rotating electrical machines that transform electric energy into mechanical energy. According to the current type, they are:

• DC (Direct Current): Separately excited, series, shunt, compound
• AC (Alternating Current): Speed-synchronous

Verb "To Be" Forms

Am, are, is

Present Simple

Infinitive or add 's' / Use don't for negatives

Past Simple

Add -ed (or second column for irregular verbs) / S + didn't + infinitive / Did + subject + infinitive

Used for actions at a specific time, consecutive actions in the past, a short action interrupting a longer one, or describing past states.

Past Tense of "To Be"

Was/were

Passive Voice

Subject + to be + past participle (-ed or third column) + by + agent

• Present Simple: am/are/is + past participle
• Past Simple: was/were + past participle
• Present Continuous: am/are/is being + past participle
• Past Continuous: was/were being + past participle
• Present Perfect: have/has + been + past participle
• Modal: modal + be + past participle
• Future Simple: will be + past participle

Question

Reading Circle

When a teacher reads to young learners and they sit in a circle to listen.

Reading for Gist

When we read to get the general ideas.

Reading for Specific Information

When we read to understand only the particular details which interest us.

Recorded Audio

Any listening text which is played through a machine.

Reformulation

When students say something which has a mistake, and we say it again correctly, but don't ask the students to repeat it.

Research

Looking for information; trying to discover new things.

Retrieval and Use

Students have to find the language they have learned and then use it.

Roleplay

We get students to imagine they are in particular situations and we give them different roles to play.

Scanning

When we quickly read or listen for specific... Continue reading "Language Learning Terms Defined" »

Detailed engineering is the phase in which information is taken from the basic engineering and developed to a sufficient degree to allow the construction of the project. The goal is to develop detailed information and documentation.

Activities

• Define the different areas that will form the subject of the project installation.
• Define the means of production, creating a list of machines, equipment control, and automation equipment involved in the system.
• Definition of networks and supporting facilities.
• Organization for the means of production, defining for each workstation which machines and items are controlled and monitored.
• Organization of production cycles so that there is an adequate flow between each machine and workstation, minimizing downtime.

Multi-Circuit: Intermittent Power Supply

This electronic circuit provides intermittent power and can be supplemented with a device that detects malfunctions by placing two additional transistors.

Veri.Mani: Pilot Testing and Reverse Voltage

Pilot testing began with a system that does not function in reverse voltage to current.

Fuel Level Sensors: Analog and Digital Indicators

Fuel level sensors are responsible for displaying the amount of liquid in a deposit. These can be analog or digital and are based on the principle of a float or rheostat.

Oil Pressure Monitoring: Lamp and Monocontacto

Oil pressure is usually controlled by a lamp. If the oil level is low, the unit responsible for lighting the lamp is called a monocontacto. When cranking or starting... Continue reading "Automotive Electronic Systems: Functionality and Operation" »

Literacy Development: Essential Skills

It's the ability to read and write to understand communication, but it also includes the critical and effective use of language for all purposes. The five steps in literacy development are:

1. Phonemic Awareness: The recognition of a sequence of individual sounds in a word.
2. Decoding: What a person uses to interpret a printed sentence; the ability to associate sounds with letters and use them to form words.
3. Fluency: Reading fluency indicates that a child can read successfully. Successful reading is reading with accuracy and automatically, with proper speed and intonation. Children will not be able to comprehend text if they do not become fluent readers.
4. Comprehension: Requires the reader to be an active constructor

Internet Radio: Concept

Internet radio is not radio in the traditional sense; it is more than that. The sound image is contextualized with written information in addition to the strict emission of conventional programming offered by each of the radio stations on medium wave and FM. On the Internet, we discover two types of sonic performance:

• Radio in the strict sense, as we know it, with continuous broadcasts and structured programming subject to a temporary schedule.
• A series of written information on various content, supported by images and enriched sound material.

For all of us, talking about the newspaper, radio, or TV on the Internet is not only easier but more comfortable.

According to Cebrián Herreros, the preliminary step before embarking... Continue reading "Internet Radio: Concept and Consumption Habits" »