Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Electronics

Pragmatic and Semantic Development in Preschool Children

Children learn language in a conversational context. The primary director of the conversation is often an adult, but the child also expands their network of partners. During the preschool years, children acquire many conversational abilities, often influenced by mothers. Preschool children enjoy their own monologues, sometimes aloud.

Pragmatic Development

Pragmatic development refers to how children learn language in a conversational context.

The Context of Conversation

Children under 2 years can respond to their partner and engage in small talk, though their abilities limit the number of subjects. This stage involves behaviors of initiative and response.

Conversational Skills

Young children... Continue reading "Preschool Language Development: Pragmatics & Semantics" »

Communicative Characteristics: The S-Mix Code

The S-Mix Code is one of the most striking features of journalistic and advertising language. It involves the strategic combination of various codes depending on the medium used:

• Radio: Oral language is mixed with musical messages.
• Print Media: Written language is combined with iconic (visual) language.
• Television: Oral language, written text, still images, and moving images are all integrated.

The Newspaper as a Semiological System

A newspaper functions as a semiological system, a set of interrelated and interdependent signs that enable communication and information transmission. To facilitate correct decoding by the reader, newspapers are structured into various parts, primarily sections, which organize... Continue reading "Journalism Language: Features and Genres" »

Structure of Normal Schools Before 1931

There would be a Normal School by province, except Madrid and Barcelona, which would have two each. Santiago would also have a Normal School. The scheme would be co-educational, with teachers of both sexes. Admission to teacher training colleges would be by competitive examination (opposition), requiring applicants, among other conditions, to be over sixteen years old and possess the high school diploma (Bachillerato).

The training period covered the following areas of study:

• Philosophical, pedagogical, and social studies
• Special Methodologies and art materials
• Practical courses

Three written tests were established for those students whose qualification might offer doubts. The third period of teaching practice... Continue reading "Teacher Training Reforms in Spain: The Second Republic Decrees" »

Symbolic Language

Human language is a system of communication between human beings. According to Karl Bühler's theory, there are three main functions:

• Indicator: Linguistic signs are symbols, and things are what we use them for.
• Expressive: Linguistic signs are expressions of the speaker's internal state and provide information about the speaker.
• Caller: Linguistic signs are signals sent to the listener, prompting a reaction.

Knowledge and Language

Language is closely linked to knowledge, encompassing both the process and results of understanding. Assuming we have language skills, we enhance our language and communication skills through shared experiences, acquiring new skills in the process. The creation of knowledge through language is of paramount... Continue reading "Understanding Symbolic Language, Knowledge, and Communication" »

Common Electrical Risks

The most likely risks in electrical installations are electrical discharges caused by direct or indirect contact. These discharges can cause severe consequences such as muscle contractions, respiratory failure, and burns.

Risks can also be caused by a malfunction of protection systems or a failure of the grounding system.

Types of Electrical Contact Hazards

Direct Contact Risks

Direct contact occurs when a person touches the active parts of an electrical installation, i.e., a live conductor. A poor connection can lead to direct contact due to damaged or fallen insulation.

Indirect Contact Risks

According to the REBT (Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations), indirect contact occurs when conductive parts, normally not live,... Continue reading "Electrical Safety: Preventing Common Hazards" »

Understanding Electric Current and Circuits

Electric current is the passage of electrical charge through a conductor. This occurs when there is an imbalance of charge between two points of the conductor.

An electric circuit is a set of elements connected together through which electric current flows. For current to flow, the circuit must be closed.

Components of an Electric Circuit

• Generator: Builds and maintains the voltage needed to produce the current.
• Conductors: Pathways through which the electric current flows, usually made of copper or aluminum.
• Receivers: Elements that transform electrical energy into other forms of energy.
• Switching and Control Elements: Direct the flow of electrical current.
• Protection Elements: Protect individuals and the

Electric Motors: Construction and Operation

Current Motors: Establishment and Operation

Constitution

The constitution of these motors is determined by the need to establish a magnetic field and to have a series of coils traversed by electric current, and located within the field. They consist of two main elements: the stator and the rotor.

• The stator is the fixed part of the motor, responsible for establishing the magnetic field. It has a number of coils, called spools, placed around the poles of an electromagnet. These poles are attached to the housing.
• The rotor is the moving part of the motor. It consists of another set of coils, called induced coils, which are wound on the slots of an iron core that is called induced. The ends of the coils are

Texts and Communicative Purpose

Texts can be classified according to three criteria: diction, message content, or communicative purpose. An expository text, for example, can encompass humanities and journalism simultaneously.

Classifying Texts by Purpose

• Informative: Transmit events, general information, data, or knowledge.
• Prescriptive: Direct, order, advise, instruct, or prescribe.
• Persuasive: Convincing, persuading, i.e., modifying receiver behavior.
• Rhetorical: Have an aesthetic purpose, capturing the receptor's attention through beauty, etc.

Language Features and Text Codes

To achieve the communicative purpose, messages included in the text must adapt to their communicative intent.

Text Types by Language Function

Texts, depending on the predominant... Continue reading "Text Classification: Purpose, Language, and Codes" »

Mesh Law

The principle of conservation of energy is applied to circuits through the Mesh Law. Connect a series circuit of three resistors and check that the sum of voltages (measured in each) coincides with the voltage at the terminals from the source. The algebraic sum of all potential differences over a closed path (mesh) in the circuit is zero. That is, Σ ΔV = 0 for a closed course. This theorem is simply a particular way of stating the Principle of Conservation of Energy in electrical circuits, which can be explained from the potential difference defined in terms of work and energy.

Node Law

The principle of conservation of electric charge is expressed through the Node Law. A node is a point where the circuit is divided into branches, but... Continue reading "Circuit Analysis: Mesh, Node Laws, and Passive Elements" »

Text Properties: Appropriateness and Consistency

Appropriateness in Text

Appropriateness refers to the property of a text that meets social, personal, linguistic, and situational norms. A text is considered appropriate when it:

• Fits the intended theme.
• Adapts to the person issuing it or the person receiving it.
• Is suitable for the situation or place in which it is presented.
• Effectively achieves its intended aim.
• Adjusts the tone or level of formality to the situation.
• Respects the social rules of a group.
• Adapts to the level of language used in the communication.
• Follows the rules of courtesy.

Consistency in Text

Consistency is the property of a text that gives it unity and meaning, allowing for proper interpretation. A text is considered consistent if:... Continue reading "Text Properties: Appropriateness and Consistency in Communication" »