Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Electronics

Understanding Text and Discourse

Key Definitions in Communication

• Text: Refers to a written or taped record of a piece of communication.
• Discourse: Refers to a piece of communication in context.
• Text Analysis: The study of the formal linguistic devices that distinguish a text from random sentences.
• Discourse Analysis: The study of text-forming with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, and how users communicate in context.

Essential Language Functions

• Transactional Language: Used to obtain goods and services.
• Interpersonal Language: Used for socializing and building relationships.
• Aesthetic Function: Focuses on the beauty or form of language.

Modes of Communication

Both spoken and written language are fundamental... Continue reading "Language Communication Fundamentals: Text, Discourse, Cohesion, and Functions" »

The Direct Method

Characteristics of the Direct Method

• It was a reaction to the restrictions of the Grammar-Translation Method.
• Translation was abandoned, and classes were conducted in the target language.
• New teaching points were introduced orally.
• Everyday English was taught through demonstration.
• Oral skills were taught inductively.
• Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.

Teacher's Role in the Direct Method

• Teachers had to be either native speakers or have a very high level of the language.
• The teacher's skills were more important than the textbook.
• It was difficult for teachers to demonstrate everything with actions because translation was forbidden.

Student's Role in the Direct Method

• Students had to speak in the target language; the use

Dear Mr.

My teacher has informed me that you require someone to do the computer design of your pieces using SolidWorks. I have experience using this program from my internship, so I am proficient in most of its applications and can create a variety of pieces. I am eager to further specialize my skills through courses to become even faster and more precise in this role. I am a quick learner and can easily adapt to new programs.

Furthermore, I possess extensive knowledge of technical design and the mechanics of how things work, thanks to my practical experience in the field.

Technical Skills

• SolidWorks
• Technical Design
• Mechanical Design
• Manufacturing Processes

Experience

Dinumec, Alcala (Spain) - 02/2017-09/2017

• Utilized Solidworks to design and model

Littlewood's Stages of Language Acquisition

Forming Questions: Interrogative Structures

Stage 1: Minimal Disturbance Questions

Learners form their questions with the minimum possible disturbance of the basic sentence structure.

• Yes/No questions: Declarative word order with rising intonation. No inversion.
• WH- questions: No inversion. Declarative word order. The WH- word is placed at the front of the sentence.

Stage 2: Emergence of Inversion

Inversion sometimes takes place but sometimes does not. It first occurs regularly with 'to be' and 'can'. The first use of inversion with 'do' is in routine expressions which have been learned as fixed phrases, such as 'Do you know?'. 'Do' first emerges as a kind of prefix attached to 'you', which produces both... Continue reading "Second Language Grammar Development: Questions & Negation Stages" »

Derivades

Limits

Communication Technologies

*Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays, we have a vast array of communication tools that can complete this task, ranging from email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general form, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.*

Similarities in Communication Forms

One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past, both written forms, such as letters, were frequently used, in addition to oral forms, such as telephone calls. Similarly,... Continue reading "Communication Technology: Past and Present" »

Why Use Songs in Language Learning?

According to Blasi and Foley, children are inherently musical, which is supported by their eagerness to engage in musical play.

Neuman suggests that songs can improve children's memory, vocabulary, and creative uses of language.

Benefits of Using Songs for Language Learning

Fonseca notes that songs for language learning have been considered beneficial for:

• Developing the four language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking)
• Activating both brain hemispheres
• Enhancing memory
• Increasing motivation
• Fostering cultural sensitivity

Additional benefits include:

• Songs provide a natural context for language use.
• Songs allow children to pick up chunks of language.
• Songs encourage all children to participate and speak in

Information and Communication Technology (ICT/IT)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT/IT) involves using computers to enable learners to improve information-processing skills and explore ideas. Examples include using Skype, surfing the internet, and solving problems.

Input and Output in Learning

• Input: All the material learners are exposed to. This is the knowledge someone acquires from outside by understanding it meaningfully.
• Output: What learners are able to produce using the acquired language or skills.

Input Hypothesis and Comprehensible Input

According to Stephen Krashen, we only acquire a language if we understand the input. The input cannot be beyond our current level of understanding (i+1).

This hypothesis was later modified: apart... Continue reading "Essential Terminology for Language Acquisition and Classroom Technology" »

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Expresses a possible condition and its probable result.

Form: (If/Unless + Present Simple) + (will + infinitive)

Examples:

• If she trains hard, she will get fit.
• Unless she trains hard, she won't get fit.
• She will get fit if she trains hard.

Second Conditional

Expresses a hypothetical condition and its probable result.

Form: (if + Past Simple) + (would + infinitive)

Example:

• If I won the lottery, you wouldn't see me again.

Third Conditional

Expresses an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

Form: (If + Past Perfect) + (would have + past participle)

Example:

• If she had taken the drug, she would have gotten a better mark.

Vocabulary

Values

• Go without: Do without something
• Have a big heart: Be kind and generous
• Let