Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Electronics

Understanding Electricity Billing

Let's break down the components of your electricity bill:

• Power Term (T. potencia): A fixed amount paid in billing, determined by the contracted power.
• Energy Term (T. energia): The amount paid for the actual energy consumed.

Types of Electricity Rates

• Last Resort Rate (TUR): Replaces the former "integral rate," set by the government. It features a single price for all users. Available for those with contracted power less than 10kW.
• Toll-Free Rate: You can negotiate different conditions than the TUR with a marketer.
• Access Fee: Covers the cost of using the distribution network to bring electricity to your home. Not applicable if you have the TUR.
• Social Bond: A tariff designed to protect households with fewer resources.

1. Communication Circuit Questions

What is K in the communication circuit?

K represents the generation of a message by the issuer and its transmission.

What types of waves are the signs usually?

Signs are typically acoustic or electromagnetic waves.

What is the channel?

The channel is the physical medium that supports information transmission.

What does K stand for in wired or wireless communication?

• Wired: Electromagnetic waves (like sound) are transmitted through a wired medium.
• Wireless: Electromagnetic waves are transmitted, but not sound.

Wired media utilize cables, such as conventional metal wires.

2. Wave Definitions

Wavelength

The distance a wave travels during one complete oscillation.

Period

The time between two consecutive wave peaks.

Frequency

The... Continue reading "Understanding Communication Circuits and Wave Transmission" »

1. What is the First Thing to Set to Make a Draft CATV?

Bring the correct response: The bandwidth to use.

2. For Purposes of Receiving Local Channels Broadcast by Cable Signal, Which is More Advisable?

Response: Receiving each local channel individually with a Yagi antenna.

3. What is the Most Important Recommendation for the Location of Satellite Dishes?

Bring the correct response: The distance should be as short as possible to the equipment or satellite receivers.

4. What Defines Television Programming for a Cable Company?

Bring the correct response: It is purely a business decision.

5. Which of the Following is Not Covered in the 10-Step CATV Design Process?

Response: NA

6. Definition of Final Quality Objectives

Quality objectives for the subscriber... Continue reading "CATV System Design and Signal Propagation" »

Need for Speed World Beta Update

New Features

SpeedBoost

SpeedBoost has been added to each persona, allowing you to purchase power-ups and rental cars.

New SpeedBoost screens have been added. Click on the SpeedBoost symbol anywhere in the game to access them.

Driver Skills

15 new Driver Skills have been added across Race, Pursuits, and Exploration categories, each with multiple ranks spread over the new levels.

Progression Amplifiers

Progression Amplifiers provide an increase to Rep or in-game Tokens.

New Cars

• Nissan 240SX (Tier 1)
• Nissan Silvia (S15) (Tier 1)
• Toyota Corolla GTS (AE86) (Tier 1)
• Volkswagen Scirocco (Tier 1)

Social Features

• Two-Way Friend Request System: Accept or decline friend requests (currently limited to 3 friends).
• Facebook Connect: Link

Dynamics of Learning: A Comprehensive Overview

What is Learning?

Learning involves transformation, growth, change, and reaction.

Types of Learning

• Systematic: Formal
• Unsystematic: Informal

Modes of Learning

Observation, training, and experience.

Characteristics of Learning

Learning is personal, gradual, and cumulative. It can be cognitive, motor, affective, and personal.

Tools for Learning

Perception, memory, and reasoning.

Phases of Learning

1. Capture
2. Storage (Memory)
3. Reasoning (Inference)

Types of Memory

Based on Duration:

• Short Term
• Long Term

Based on Contents:

• Declarative
• Procedural
• Working Memory

Meaningful Learning

Learning should be useful for the student. To achieve this:

• Establish well-intentioned goals.
• Implement effective methodological strategies.
• Maintain student

Appellate Function

The appellate function is a management message to the listener or addressee, attracting their attention and giving rise to some effect or behavior. The predominance of this semantic relationship in an act of communication is often reflected in the structure of the utterance, which often, but not necessarily, corresponds to vocative or imperative forms.

Examples:

• Carlos, go!
• Have the goodness to leave.
• When can you tell me, please?

Synonyms:

• Conative Function
• Imperative Function
• Direct Function

Communicative Function

• A fundamental characteristic attributed to human languages as instruments for the transmission of messages.
• The capacity assigned to linguistic forms that allows users to understand and be understood.

This function must be... Continue reading "Understanding Key Linguistic Functions" »

• Automation: A set of elements that performs actions based on information from their sensors, without the intervention of a human.

• Robot: A programmable machine that can perform various tasks with mobile elements that follow trajectories previously drawn or decided by the robot based on data provided by onboard sensors.

• Control System: The component responsible for controlling and directing the actions of the robot. The electronic systems are complex and include one or more computers. By introducing computer programs, the actions of the robot are controlled.

• Open Loop: A system for which the automated exit has no influence on its behavior and has no feedback.

• Feedback Loop: Automatic variables that capture the atmosphere and... Continue reading "Understanding Automation and Robotics: Key Concepts Explained" »

Telecommunications: Distance Communication

Transmission Channels

Transmission channels are the physical support through which the encoded message flows. They can be:

• Guided: Driving waves through a physical path.
• Unguided: Only allows the transmission of waves.

Types of Guided Transmission Channels:

• Cable Pairs: Consists of two wires of conductive material, usually copper, coated with an insulating material (urban telephony).
• Coaxial Cable: Composed of two concentric conductors separated by an insulator. It achieves high transmission speeds for large distances (TV).
• Optical Fiber: Consists of fibers that transmit light signals. It allows sending data more rapidly than cable pairs or coaxial cable. It is lighter but has the disadvantage of being more

Bandwidth Transmitted by the Voice Channel

Band transmitted by the voice channel. The telephone system does not transmit all frequencies between the audible range of 20Hz and 20kHz, as this would require excessive bandwidth. To determine the bandwidth used, the parameter of intelligibility, the logatoms, is used. 80% intelligibility is sufficient, which corresponds to transmitting frequencies below 2,100Hz or above 1,500Hz.

Transmission Line Conductors

The transmitted signal is alternating and consists of the sum of signals with different frequencies within the band of 300Hz to 3,400Hz. A pure 800Hz tone is used for testing.

Primary Parameters of a Transmission Line

These parameters can be measured directly in a section of a transmission line one... Continue reading "Understanding Telephony: Bandwidth, Transmission Lines, and Sound" »