Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Economy

ECB Monetary Policy Instruments and Operations

Refinancing Operations

Commercial banks must provide assurances that they will return the money. The warranty is provided for financial assets that are pledged or used in repurchase agreements (repo yield). Commercial banks have been able to invest some of their money in, for example, notes of Endesa.

Longer-Term Financing Operations (LTROs)

Longer-term financing operations are identical to the main refinancing operations but have a maturity of 3 months instead of 1 week. They also take place once a month, not once a week. Commercial banks participate in an auction depending on how long they expect their cash requirements to last. The ECB provides much more liquidity through the main operations than... Continue reading "European Central Bank Monetary Policy Instruments and Liquidity Management" »

Major Shareholders' Rights

• Right to Receive Dividends: Shareholders have the right to receive dividends declared by the company.
• Right to Participate in Net Assets: In the event of company liquidation, shareholders have the right to participate in the distribution of net assets.
• Preemptive Rights: Shareholders have preemptive rights in capital increases, allowing them to purchase new shares before they are offered to the public. These rights are often negotiable.
• Voting Rights: Shareholders have the right to vote in general shareholder meetings. Each share typically allows one vote, although there may be shares that do not grant voting rights in exchange for economic benefits.
• Right to Information: Shareholders have the right to access information

Wage Receipt: Contribution Basis & Income Tax Withholding

Social Security Contribution Basis

The Social Security (SS) contribution base comprises the total compensation received, whether in cash or in kind. It also includes the share of bonuses and other amounts due that are not on a monthly or periodic basis but are paid within the year.

Common Contingencies Base (BCC)

The remuneration payable is computed, excluding overtime. It includes the share of special bonuses. The resulting amount, falling between the basic minimum and maximum base, constitutes the contribution base for common contingencies. The IPREM (Public Multiple Effects Income Indicator) values are: €523.51/month, €17.75/day, and €6,390.13/year.

Professional Contingencies

Economy: Managing Resources and Scarcity

Economy comes from Greek and means "to manage the house." It deals with meeting major needs in the best possible way using certain means or resources. These resources are scarce in relation to people's needs. This is called economic scarcity.

Understanding Economic Scarcity

Economic scarcity is the feeling of a lack of resources relative to people's needs. This should not be confused with physical shortage or poverty. Developed countries abound in goods and wealth, while underdeveloped countries often experience economic scarcity. This refers to insufficient resources to meet our needs, unlike physical poverty which refers to limited physical access to resources.

Economic scarcity features:

• Universal: It

Public Sector Institutions

Public sector institutions are characterized by activities that respond to political decisions. These are typically non-market institutions responsible for public administration.

They provide services to all citizens that often can only be acquired through collective political decisions, such as security and justice.

Types of Public Administration

• Central State Administration: Includes autonomous administrative bodies.
• Territorial Administration: Comprises autonomous regional and local administrations.
• Social Security Administration: Manages social welfare programs.

Decentralization aims to satisfy the right to self-government of the state's territories.

Functions of the Public Sector

• Regulate economic and social relations.

Strategic Management

Strategy is the set of decisions a company can take on actions to be undertaken, and the resources that can be used in these actions. However, to achieve a series of business objectives at various levels, success must be sought. All management is given a rating based on economic, technological, or social factors, and considering the possible reactions that may occur against the competitive strategies of the company.

Items

Strategic Analysis

Before defining a strategy, a set of underlying elements must be considered as the basis for good strategic management:

1. Economic, Social, Political, and Technological Environment: Influence of external factors.
2. Strategic Capacity: Weaknesses that must be avoided and strengths that must be

Factors That Influence Price

6.5 Factors That Influence the Price

For a business, the first consideration will be the objective to be enforced, and secondly, the marketing mix. Empresa1 is set by factors. The company has the following objectives:

• Obtain the maximum benefit from the product they sell.
• Achieve maximum return on the investment made.
• Increase sales in the market.
• Be the leader in a segment or a product.
• Market segments at the start of competition.
• Create an image and reputation through the marketing mix.
• Get brands to better position themselves in the market.
• Obtain more benefits and price competitive differentiation.
• Stay in the market and evolve.

2. Marketing Mix

In the product, influences include (image, collateral design, additional services)

Essential Economic Concepts

The Tertiary Sector and Services

Services are activities that do not produce material goods but are essential for the development of other economic activities and for meeting many needs of the population.

The tertiary sector comprises a variety of activities related to the provision and distribution of services.

Post-Industrial Society Defined

In a post-industrial society, this sector generates the bulk of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs more than half of the workforce.

Understanding the Welfare State

The Welfare State is the state that guarantees access to education, health, and allowances for sickness, disability, unemployment, and retirement through social security contributions paid by the population.

Global

Tema.la Commercial Function

Analysis of the Trading System

The Market

Marketing occurs when individuals or companies desire a product or service and have the economic capacity to satisfy that need. We can distinguish between:

• Consumer Market:
  • Difficult to quantify potential consumers.
  • Purchases meet subjective needs.
  • Prices are determined by the market.
  • Small volume transactions.
  • Manufacturing based on market demand.
• Industrial Market:
  • Easy to quantify due to planned dimensions.
  • Prices are negotiated.
  • Large volume purchases.
  • Manufacturing based on demand and consumer behavior.

Demand

Demand encompasses all activities and organizations involved when individuals seek, evaluate, use, and dispose of goods or services to meet their needs. These activities are:

• Complex
• Vary

Company

Definition: A company is an organization with a performance objective, producing goods and services. It is the basic unit of production. Companies work to select products and combine factors of production to achieve their objectives.

Through production activities, raw materials and intermediate products are transformed into end products using capital, labor, technology, and knowledge.

Business Classification Criteria

1. Goods and Services Produced

Businesses are classified according to the goods and services they produce.

2. Economic Sectors

Businesses are categorized by their economic sector.

3. Sub-sectors

Companies are defined by their specific activity within a sub-sector.

4. Legal Status

• Individual Companies: Private companies, often small