Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Economy

Decoding Marketing Promotions

Key Tax Definitions

Income Earned

Income earned refers to revenue to which an individual or entity has a legal right, regardless of whether it has been physically received or is currently due. It represents a credit to their title.

Income Received

Income received is revenue that has physically entered the assets or estate of an individual or entity.

Minimum Presumed Income

Minimum presumed income is a statutory amount of income attributed to a taxpayer that is not subject to any deductions.

Effective Capital

Effective capital represents the total assets of an entity, excluding values that do not represent actual investments. This includes intangible, nominal, transient, and order accounts.

Partnership Company

A Partnership Company refers to companies... Continue reading "Key Tax Concepts and Second Category Income Explained" »

National Commission of Securities Market Website Analysis

On the website of the National Commission of Securities Market, in the short term, the company mainly used debts to credit institutions, and thus lowered its derivatives, leasing, and creditors for bonds and short-term loan obligations.

In the case of long-term debt, it is used primarily for the issuance of bonds, like borrowing to bonds/t with a nominal value of 700,000 in May 2007, of which 100,000 in nominal repurchase in 2008, obtaining a great benefit in repurchase of 36,327.

Another means of financing long-term loans has been to credit valued at 264,561 at the end of 2008. In the long term, another source of funding such as financial derivatives and leasing is also used.

Business Financing

Understanding Annual Accounts and Business Taxation

The Annual Accounts

A company's annual accounts reflect its financial health, encompassing its property, rights, and liabilities. Essentially, they represent the set of assets, rights, and obligations of the company at any given time.

Components of a Company's Financial Position

• Property: All assets owned by the company.
• Rights: Credits extended by the company (e.g., accounts receivable).
• Obligations: Debts that the company maintains (e.g., accounts payable).

The Balance Sheet

The balance sheet is a fundamental accounting document that provides a snapshot of the company's financial position at a specific moment. It comprises three main sections:

• Assets: This section collects the monetary value of

Need for Company Capital

The need for a company's capital relates to the role of company resources and all activities designed to obtain the necessary funds and allocate them for the most rational use. This allocation aims to yield a higher return with less risk and cost.

Sources of Funding

Sources of Funding: By Origin

According to their origin, funding sources can be classified as:

• Internal Resources: Generated by the company itself, constituting reserve funds and depreciation.
• External Resources: Obtained from outside the firm, including contributions from partners, capital increases, loans issued by the company, and various forms of debt through loans and credits.

Sources of Funding: By Ownership

According to the title or ownership, resources can... Continue reading "Company Funding Sources and Capital Needs" »

Balance Sheet

Assets

A) Non-Current Assets

• Intangible Assets:
  • Research and Development
  • Industrial Property
  • Goodwill
  • Computer Applications
  • (- Accumulated Amortization of Intangible Assets)
• Tangible Fixed Assets:
  • Land and Buildings
  • Machinery
  • Transportation Components
  • Equipment
  • Information Processing
  • Furniture
  • (- Accumulated Amortization of Tangible Assets)
• Investments in Group Companies
• Long-Term Financial Investments:
  • Long-Term Credits
  • Long-Term Investments in Equity Instruments

B) Current Assets

• Stocks:
  • Merchandise
  • Raw Materials and Supplies
  • Work in Progress
  • Finished Products
  • Advances to Suppliers
• Accounts Receivable:
  • Customers
  • Trade Bills Receivable
  • Discounted Trade Bills
  • Trade Bills Receivable Under Management
  • Outstanding Commercial Effects
  • Other Receivables from Social

Money

A commonly accepted medium of exchange.

Merchandise Money

It has the same value as the monetary unit as merchandise (hardness, portability, divisibility, homogeneity, limited supply).

Fiat or Token Money

A good that has little value as a commodity but keeps its value as a medium of exchange because people have faith in the issuer who guarantees the value of the paper or coins and ensures the quantity is limited.

Full-Bodied Paper Money

Certificates of paper that were backed by gold deposits of equal value to the certificates.

Promissory Note Money

Medium of exchange for the debt of a company or person.

Banking

Bank debt is what allows the depositor to withdraw an amount of money upon request.

Legal Tender

Token money issued by an institution that... Continue reading "Understanding Money and Banking Concepts" »

Company Description

A company is an entity consisting of capital and labor as factors of production. It is dedicated to industrial, commercial, or service provision with a profit motive and carries personal or social responsibility.

Certification of Company Name

Request a name for your company from the Central Commercial Register. We recommend providing three options to ensure availability.

Procedures at the City Council

• Building Permit
• Activity Installation License
• Business License (payment required)

Procedures at the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs

• Registration in the special scheme for self-employed individuals
• Company registration with Social Security
• Communication of workplace opening (number of employees)

Deposit of Capital

Open a bank account... Continue reading "Starting a Business: Essential Steps and Considerations" »

1960–1976: The Economic Boom and Capital Deepening

GDP grew at very high rates, marking a phase of expansion due to capital deepening. Employment grew modestly. Activity rates were low and rose slowly due to emigration. The wealth capacity of the European Union (EU) was higher than that of Spain and Valencia. The low unemployment rate represented a false balance, characterized by reduced job creation.

1976–1985: Crisis, Stagflation, and Institutional Shifts

This period saw low rates of GDP growth. Employment grew modestly, but the labor force experienced a moderate breakthrough. The activity rate reached 49% in Spain and 50% in the Valencian Community (PV). The unemployment rate soared to 20.3%, hitting Valencia before the national average.... Continue reading "Spanish Labor Market Dynamics: Economic Cycles and Unemployment Trends (1960–2008)" »

The Company as a System

A system is a set of interdependent elements that can each be identified and treated as a whole. The elements that comprise a system can be grouped according to several criteria and can form different subsystems within the overall or general system. Every subsystem is capable of being regarded as a system at a reduced level.

The company consists of a set of elements (people, facilities, etc.) which act in a coordinated manner with a clear direction and have a set of purposes and objectives to achieve. Therefore, a company is a system.

Characteristics of the Company as a System

• It is an open system. This means it relates to its environment; everything that happens outside the company affects and influences its decisions.
• It