Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Economy

Introduction to UK Unemployment Reduction Policies

To effectively address unemployment, the UK government can implement a combination of fiscal and supply-side policies. When analyzing such policies, it's crucial to discuss both types and consistently link them back to their impact on unemployment.

Key Considerations for Policy Analysis

• Define unemployment and state its significance as one of the four key UK macroeconomic objectives.
• Illustrate the impact of demand-side policies using an Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) diagram, showing AD shifting to the right (increasing).

Fiscal Policies to Combat Unemployment

Reducing Income Tax

One significant fiscal policy involves decreasing income tax. When income tax rates are lowered, individuals... Continue reading "UK Government Strategies to Reduce Unemployment" »

Economic Perspectives: Micro, Macro, Positive, Normative

Microeconomics examines the decision-making of specific economic units or institutions. In contrast, Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole or its major aggregates. Positive economic analysis deals with facts, while normative economics reflects value judgments.

Key Characteristics of the Market System

The market system is characterized by several key features:

• Private Ownership: Resources, including capital, are privately owned.
• Freedom of Choice: Individuals are free to engage in economic activities of their choice to advance their material well-being.
• Self-Interest: This is the driving force of such an economy.
• Competition: This functions as a regulatory or control mechanism.

In the... Continue reading "Core Principles of Microeconomics and Market Systems" »

The Paradox of Saving

As Blanchard states, when autonomous consumption falls (c₀▼), meaning consumers reduce their level of autonomous consumption, equilibrium income decreases. Consumption also decreases, so the level of saving remains unchanged. Mathematically, we can see this in the following formula: S = Y - T - C

We can also see that what really produces variations in saving are variations in investment, public spending, or taxes, and not the fall of autonomous consumption. Mathematically, we can see this in the following formula, where investment equals saving: I = Private Saving + Public Saving; I = S + (T - G), so S = I - T + G

In economics, this theory is known as the paradox of saving, which is closely related to Keynesian economic... Continue reading "Saving Paradox, Monetary & Fiscal Policy, Steady State" »

Essential Business Management Definitions

I. Leadership Styles

1. Leadership

   The art of motivating a group of people toward achieving a common objective.

2. Autocratic Leadership

   A leadership style that keeps all decision-making authority centralized within the organization.

3. Democratic Leadership

   A leadership style that promotes the active participation of workers in decision-making.

4. Paternalistic Leadership

   A style based on the approach that the manager is in a better position than the workers to know what is best for an organization.

5. Laissez-Faire Leadership

   A "hands-off" approach that delegates much of the decision-making to the workforce.

II. Motivation and Job Satisfaction

6. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

   The ability of managers to understand their own emotions,

Objectives:

• To facilitate trade under fair conditions
• To keep products of unsatisfactory quality out of the market
• To guide production to meet consumer demand
• To guarantee a high quality level of inspections with independence, integrity, and high efficiency
• To support Spanish exports

Benefits of Having SOIVRE Certification:

• Provides confidence to products that obtain it
• Makes products more trustworthy in front of buyers
• In many cases, products with SOIVRE certification will not have to pass through an inspection to enter certain territories

What SOIVRE Checks:

• If the lot is compliant with EU marketing standards
• Documents (identity/marking: origin, classification, amount, dispatcher)
• Physical check according to risk analysis
• Reduced inspection for goods from

Balance Sheet Structure

Assets

Non-Current Assets

• Intangible Assets (Industrial property less Accumulated depreciation of intangible property)
• Property, Plant and Equipment (Buildings, furniture, and technical equipment less Accumulated depreciation)
• Investment Property (Investment buildings less Accumulated depreciation and Impairment of investment property)
• Non-Current Financial Assets (Non-current investments in equity instruments)
• Deferred Tax Assets

Current Assets

• Inventories (Merchandise less Impairment of merchandise plus Advances to suppliers)
• Trade and Other Receivables (Trade receivables, other receivables, and tax receivables less Impairment of trade receivables)
• Other Current Assets (Prepaid expenses)
• Current Financial Investments (Receivables

Inflation

Inflation is a persistent or sustained rise in the general level of prices over a period of time.

Types of Inflation

• Cost-Push Factors: Costs that a business has to meet, such as wages or raw materials.
  • Food Costs: Increase in the wholesale price index of essential food items.
  • Raw Materials: Steel, copper, oil, and gas rising in price.
  • Wage Cost: If the workers don't produce more goods to sell, production costs will rise.
  • Land Cost: Rise in the price of lands.
  • Exchange Rate Cost: The prices of one currency in terms of another currency impact business costs.
• Demand-Pull Inflation: Occurs when rising demand pushes up the prices of goods.

Consequences of Inflation

• Poor: The poor are the first to suffer from inflation.
• People on Fixed Incomes: These

Economic Objectives of Business

Business is an economic activity, and therefore, its primary purpose is to achieve economic results. The key economic objectives of business are as follows:

• Earning Profit

  Profit signifies the excess of income over expenditure. The foremost and prime objective of every businessman is to earn profit. A business cannot survive without earning profit. It is not only essential for survival but also crucial for the growth and expansion of the business.

• Market Standing & Customer Creation

  A business can survive for a longer period only if it can capture a significant market share and establish strong market standing. This is possible only when the business provides goods and services that satisfy the needs and wants

International Business Terminology

Certificate of Origin

A certificate of origin (CO) is a document that certifies the country of origin of goods being shipped. It is required by customs authorities of the importing country.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property (IP) refers to legal rights that result from intellectual activity in various fields. Common forms of IP include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

Transfer of Technology

The sharing of scientific information, technology, and manufacturing know-how between firms, universities, or other institutions is known as the transfer of technology.

Franchising

In franchising, a franchisee is allowed to use a trade name or trademark in offering goods or services to the public in... Continue reading "International Business: Key Concepts and Terminology" »

1) Which of the following is a tax?

I. A 1% special sales tax for funding local Road construction.

II. A fee paid to the state for a license To practice as an attorney.

III. An income tax imposed by Philadelphia On persons working within the city limits.

IV. A special property assessment for Installing a new water system in the taxpayer's neighborhood.

E) I and III are correct.

2) Marc, a single taxpayer, earns $60,000 In taxable income and $5,000 in interest from an investment in city of Birmingham Bonds. Using the U.S. Tax rate schedule for year 2018, how much federal tax will he owe? (Use tax rate schedule) C) $9,139.50

3) Marc, a single taxpayer, earns $60,000 In taxable income and $5,000 in interest from an investment in city of Birmingham... Continue reading "I is correct ii is correct" »