Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

Grammar and Phrasing Corrections

Adjective Replacement Example

Original: It is a swan around the house.
Corrected: It is a calm swan.

Grammatical Correction Example

Original: Gradually have damaged the work of humans.
Corrected: They gradually damaged the artwork.

What is a Text?

A text is a group of sentences that constitute a coherent, autonomous, and communicative unit.

Digital Communication Concepts

Chat

An electronic discussion, essentially a conversation conducted over a network.

Email

Email allows users to compose, send, and receive messages via electronic communication systems. Each email message typically has two main components: the header and the body.

Instant Messaging

Instant messaging is a system for exchanging messages between two or more people... Continue reading "Digital Communication and Romance Language Grammar Concepts" »

Image Processing

Imaging Technique

• Bitmap (Raster): Formed by pixels, each with a color. Programs: GIMP, Photoshop. Formats: GIF, JPEG, BMP, TIFF, PNG, PCX (Paintbrush), RAW, TGA, PSD (Photoshop), XCF (GIMP).
• Vector: Obtained using lines. Programs: Corel Draw, OpenOffice.org Draw, AutoCAD, QCad. Formats: DXF, CDR, DWG, ODG/SXD, SWF, AI, SFHx.
• 3D: Three-dimensional figures. Widely used in games. Programs: Virtual Hammer.

Memory Cards

• SD
• MMC
• XD
• Memory Stick

Image Properties

• Color Depth: Total number of bits used to encode an image. More depth means more shades.
• Brightness: Related to light intensity emitted over a given area.
• Contrast: Brightness difference between the maximum and minimum brightness.

Color Specification Systems

• RGB (Red, Green, Blue): Used

Essential Internet and Networking Concepts

Defining the Internet and Web 2.0

The **Internet** is the transport mechanism for the World Wide Web, offering services like email, P2P networks, FTP services, games, radio, and TV. It is a **Global Computer Network (WAN)** that uses TCP/IP to connect computers and smaller networks located anywhere in the world. It is fundamentally a network of interconnected networks.

**Web 2.0** refers to the evolution of traditional Internet services and applications toward greater user interactivity. Many older applications are replaced by newer ones that operate directly on the Internet platform.

Network Protocols Explained

A **Network Protocol** is a set of rules followed by a communication system, enabling terminals... Continue reading "Essential Internet Terminology and Networking Definitions" »

What is a Computer?

A computer is an information processing machine capable of storing a large amount of data.

What is an Abacus?

The Abacus was a device capable of performing automatic calculations.

What is the Computer's Brain?

The computer's brain is the microprocessor.

What is Multimedia?

Multimedia is the ability to use images and sound through the computer.

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a network that allows access to information stored on computers.

What is Compatibility?

Compatibility refers to the ability of different components or software to work together.

What is a Power Supply?

The power supply is a component that connects your computer to the electric current.

What is the Motherboard?

The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer,... Continue reading "Understanding Computer Fundamentals: FAQ" »

Inter-VLAN Routing: Router-on-a-Stick Configuration

Router-on-a-Stick is a router configuration type used for forwarding network traffic between multiple Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) using a single physical interface.

The router performs inter-VLAN routing by accepting traffic labeled with VLAN tags (using a trunk interface from the adjacent switch) and routing internally between virtual interfaces (subinterfaces).

Configuring Subinterfaces and Multilayer Switches

Subinterfaces are multiple logical interfaces associated with a single physical interface. To enable a multilayer switch to perform routing functions, you must configure the VLANs on the switch interfaces with corresponding IP addresses that match the subnet associated with that... Continue reading "Implementing Inter-VLAN Routing and WLAN Security Standards" »

Flip Flop XR

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

Entity FFXR is

Port( clk, x, r : in std_logic;

q: buffer std_logic);

End FFXR;

Architecture Behavior of FFXR is

Begin

Process

Begin

Wait until clk 'EVENT' and clk='1';

if x='0' then

if r='0' then

q <= not q;

Else

If r='0' then

q <= '0';

Else

q <= q;

End If;

End If;

End Process;

End Behavior;

Multiplexer 4-to-1

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

Entity Mux_4_1 is

Port(aB:... Continue reading "Understanding Flip Flop and Multiplexer Designs in VHDL" »

Frame Tagging in Backbone Networks

Frame tagging involves assigning a label to the frame header at the link level. This tag is transmitted across the backbone network, passing through various router and switch IDs. When the frame is about to leave the backbone, the switch removes this label. This ensures the label does not reach the destination station, allowing the switch to assign the frame to its correct VLAN.

ISA Server Address Translation and Proxy Functions

Between external interfaces (such as DMZ or Internet) and internal interfaces (connected to private networks), ISA Server performs address translation when publishing rules are created. For connections from private networks to external networks, ISA Server functions as a Proxy. Conversely,... Continue reading "Network Security Architectures and Client Access Solutions" »

Key Computer and Software Terms

1. Text Editor: It is a program through which we can enter text without a specific file format.

2. Word Processing: It serves not only to write, but also to format the text and offer a better appearance.

3. Document: A data file with a specific format that is interpreted by the processor.

4. Book: An entire document with all its pages.

5. Section: An organizational unit of the document that may implement a number of characteristics.

6. Paragraph: An organizational unit below a section.

7. Style: A way of sorting, identifying, and storing a set of formatting and other features.

8. Index: A part of the document, usually found at the end.

9. Table of Contents: An index with page layout format which summarizes the contents... Continue reading "Key Computer & Software Terms: Definitions & Concepts" »

The scanner is a computer input device that allows you to scan images or documents using Optical Character Recognition (OCR). It emits light onto the document being scanned and captures the reflected light using a photosensor.

Types of Software

• OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Software specializing in extracting text characters from scanned document images, converting them into editable text.
• OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): Software designed to extract marks from documents, storing them as database fields.

Transmission of Photographs

• Wired: Traditional cable connections.
• Card Reader: For transferring data from memory cards.
• Infrared: Transmits and receives waves in the infrared spectrum. Requires devices to be side-by-side for communication (2-

RHQ Configuration

Hostname: rhq

Username: isp

Password: 0 duocuc

Interface Configuration

FastEthernet0/0

• IP Address: 172.31.0.1 255.255.0.0
• IP NAT Inside
• Duplex: Auto
• Speed: Auto

Serial0/0/0

• No IP Address
• Encapsulation: Frame-Relay

Serial0/0/0.100 (Point-to-Point)

• Bandwidth: 512
• IP Address: 10.10.0.1 255.255.0.0
• Frame-Relay Interface-DLCI: 100
• IP OSPF Authentication: Message-Digest
• IP OSPF Message-Digest-Key: 1 MD5 cisco
• IP NAT Inside

Serial0/0/0.200 (Point-to-Point)

• Bandwidth: 512
• IP Address: 10.11.0.1 255.255.0.0
• Frame-Relay Interface-DLCI: 200
• IP OSPF Authentication: Message-Digest
• IP OSPF Message-Digest-Key: 2 MD5 cisco
• IP NAT Inside

Serial0/0/1

• IP Address: 200.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
• Encapsulation: PPP
• PPP Authentication: CHAP
• IP NAT Outside

Routing Configuration

Router... Continue reading "Network Configuration: RHQ, ISP, Rconcepcion, Rsantiago" »