Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

1. Expansion Cards

Utility

Expansion cards add new features or improve existing ones in a computer. They facilitate communication between internal and external peripheral devices and the system bus.

Disk Controller Card

Disk controller cards, once used to manage hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and floppy drives, are now integrated into the motherboard.

Video Card

The video card is crucial for displaying text, images, and graphics on the monitor.

Components

• Video Processor: Receives, processes, and stores information in video memory, transmitting it to the monitor via the VGA connector.
• Memory Chips: Hold information needed to display pixels on the screen.
• AGP: Allows the card to be inserted into the AGP slot.
• Port for the Monitor: Connects the card to the

Understanding Spreadsheet Basics

What is a Spreadsheet?

A spreadsheet is a grid with rows and columns, primarily designed for numeric data but also accommodating alphabetic entries to organize information effectively.

Each individual spreadsheet is referred to as a sheet. Each sheet has a label or name, visible at the bottom of the workbook or worksheet interface. When a new workbook is created, Excel typically opens with three default sheets: Sheet 1, Sheet 2, and Sheet 3. These names can be customized by the user, and additional sheets can be added or removed as required.

Workbook Explained

A workbook is the collection of worksheets within a single document. Multiple workbooks can be open simultaneously in separate windows.

Active Cells and Selection

A... Continue reading "Spreadsheet Essentials: Cells, Formulas, and Data Management" »

Turing's Thesis and the Problem of Computability

Thesis 1

"Every problem that can be solved algorithmically can be solved by a Turing machine."

Concepts Associated with Thesis 1

• Algorithm: A set of rules that can be mechanically applied to solve a problem of a given class. Mainly used in mathematical contexts.
• Calculation: Any transaction which is carried out by manipulation of symbols as a means of representation. The symbolic operations are atomic, that is, quite simple, and are held in a computer. The action of the computer will depend on the symbols that have the system and the internal state in which the computer is.

Thesis 2

"Every computable function can be computed by a Turing machine. Every problem that can be solved by algorithmic methods

Core Concepts in Computer Science and Programming

Microprocessor Components

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Explained

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all mathematical and logical operations, such as comparisons, within the CPU.

Role of the Control Unit

The Control Unit is responsible for controlling all operations of both internal microprocessor components and external peripherals.

Memory and Data Storage

Understanding RAM (Random Access Memory)

Another name for volatile memory is RAM (Random Access Memory). It is generally used to store two primary types of information:

• Program instructions
• Operating data associated with those instructions

Algorithm Fundamentals

Defining an Algorithm

An algorithm is defined as a finite set of well-defined, unambiguous... Continue reading "Essential Computer Science and Programming Fundamentals" »

Of these nine flags, six of them change after running many of the arithmetic and logic instructions. The six flags are:

• C (Carry): Indicates a carry after addition or a borrow after a subtraction. The carry flag also indicates error conditions on certain programs and procedures.
• P (Parity): It is zero for odd parity and 1 for even parity.
• A (Auxiliary Carry): Indicates a carry after addition or a borrow after a subtraction from bit 3 to bit 4 in the result.
• Z (Zero): Indicates if the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero. If Z = 1, the result is zero, and if Z = 0, the result is not zero.
• S (Sign): Indicates the arithmetic sign of the result after an addition or subtraction. If S = 1, the result is negative. If S = 0, the result is

Process Planning

Objectives

• Justice: Avoid favoring some processes over others.
• Maximum Number of Interactive Users: Focus on most time-sharing systems.
• Predictability: The strategy must enable the execution of processes.
• Minimizing Overhead: Minimize context switches.
• Balance in the Use of Resources: Resources must be used fairly and for as long as possible.
• Safety Priorities: Established priorities should be respected.
• Maximum Capacity of Execution: Minimize process changes.

Criteria

• Response Time: Speed with which the system responds to a request.
• Service Time: Response time minus time for I/O.
• Runtime: Service time minus timeout.
• Processor Time: Processor time occupation.
• Timeout: Waiting times in queues.
• Efficiency: Processor utilization.
• Yield: Number

Software Metrics Classification and Analysis

Analysis Model Metrics

• PF (Prediction Factor) Metrics: Used to predict the size of a system based on the analysis model.
• Bang Metric: Provides an independent indication of the system's implementation size.
• Quality Metrics of the Specification: Characteristics used to assess the quality of the analysis model and the Engineering Requirements Specification (ERS).

Design Model Metrics

• Object-Oriented (OO) Design Metrics: Provide indicators for OO design characteristics (e.g., inheritance, coupling, size of classes).
• Component-Level Design Metrics: Focus on cohesion, coupling, and complexity of individual software components.
• User Interface Design Metrics: Based on the appropriateness of the design as a metric

SPC Control System

SPC Control System refers to the method of controlling a switching system.

• Centralized SPC Control: If a given processor has direct access to all resources of the node and performs all system functions. This usually means the node has a single central computer (doubled for security).
• Distributed SPC Control: If a processor is in a given state but does not have access to some of the resources and/or is not able to run only some of the functions of the system. In practice, this leads to an existing digital system with a high number of microprocessors that perform the control node as a whole.

Functions of Switching Systems

Switching systems provide power and signaling with user terminals. The user, via the wire pair of the switching... Continue reading "SPC Control Systems: Centralized vs. Distributed" »

Data Management Function in Extended MVC

The Data Management (DM) component provides the basic infrastructure for the storage and retrieval of objects within a system. Its primary purpose is to isolate the impacts of underlying data management technologies on the overall software architecture.

Specifying Data Management: Common Approaches

The most direct approach for this persistence layer is to provide a shadow class within the Data Management (DM) component for each persistent class in the other architectural components, such as the Problem Domain (PD) components. The standard DAO (Data Access Object) pattern is widely used for this task.

Essential Features for Data Management Construction

Three important features for constructing the Data Management... Continue reading "Data Persistence & Management in Extended MVC Architectures" »

Database Architecture

The definition of an information system is the detailed description of the system architecture.

Internal Level

The lowest level of abstraction, defining how data is stored on hardware and accessed. Responsibilities of the Database Administrator (DBA) include managing:

• Block size
• Relative position of stored records
• Addressing methods
• Overflows
• Indexing
• Storage changes
• Compression techniques

Conceptual Level

The mid-level of abstraction, representing the organization's data. This level encompasses partial views of different users' requirements and potential uses. It provides a total organizational vision, including data definitions and relationships. DBA responsibilities include:

• Defining the data stored in the database:
  • Data name
  • Attributes
  • Relationships