Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

API Testing Fundamentals

Definition: API testing involves verifying that APIs meet functionality, performance, reliability, and security requirements.

Types of APIs

• REST
• SOAP
• GraphQL
• gRPC

Key Components of API Testing

Endpoints

• URI: Unique resource identifier.
• Methods: HTTP/HTTPS methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

Request Components

• Headers: Transfer metadata (e.g., Authorization, Content-Type).
• Body: Data payload for POST or PUT requests, usually in JSON or XML format.
• Parameters: Path, query, and form parameters used to pass data.

Core Testing Types

• Functional Testing: Validate API operations and output against requirements.
• Performance Testing: Assess speed, scalability, and reliability under load.
• Security Testing: Ensure the API protects data and

Essential Algorithms and Data Structures

Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS):

• Subproblem: dp[i] = length of LIS ending at index i
• Recursion: dp[i] = max(dp[j] + 1 for j < i and arr[j] < arr[i])
• Base case: dp[i] = 1 (every element is a subsequence of length 1)
• Time Complexity: O(n^2), O(n log n) with binary search optimization.

Longest Alternating Subsequence (LAS):

• Subproblem: dp[i][0] (increasing), dp[i][1] (decreasing)
• Recursion: dp[i][0] = max(dp[j][1] + 1 for j < i and arr[j] < arr[i]), dp[i][1] = max(dp[j][0] + 1 for j < i and arr[j] > arr[i])
• Base case: dp[0][0] = 1, dp[0][1] = 1
• Time Complexity: O(n^2)

0/1 Knapsack Problem:

• Subproblem: dp[i][w] = maximum value for the first i items and weight limit w
• Recursion: dp[i][w] = max(

Class 11 Computer Science: Exam-Ready JavaScript and HTML5

Here are concise, exam-ready answers for your Class 11 Computer Science Question Bank:

1. What is Client-Side Scripting?

Client-side scripting refers to programs executed on the user's browser (the client) rather than the server. JavaScript is the most common example. It is used to create interactive web pages, validate forms, and reduce server load.

2. How to Declare a Variable in JavaScript

Variables are containers for storing data. In JavaScript, they are declared using three keywords:

• var: Used in older versions (function-scoped).
• let: Used for block-scoped variables (recommended).
• const: Used for variables whose values remain constant.

Example: let name = "Arsh";

3. JavaScript Data Types

JavaScript... Continue reading "Class 11 Computer Science: JavaScript and HTML5 Essentials" »

John Smith

Software Developer

[email protected] | (555) 123-4567 | linkedin.com/in/johnsmith | github.com/johnsmith

Professional Summary

Results-driven Full Stack Developer with experience in both front-end and back-end technologies. Skilled in working with relational and non-relational databases. Strong team player with excellent collaboration skills and a commitment to delivering high-quality code. Passionate about solving complex problems and implementing efficient software solutions.

Education

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
University of Technology | 2016-2020

Professional Experience

Full Stack Developer | Tech Solutions Inc.

Jan 2022 - Present

• Developed and maintained web applications using React.js for front-end and Node.js for back-

Finding the Basis of a Row Space

The easiest way to find the basis of a row space is to reduce matrix A to Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF). The nonzero row vectors of R (which contain the leading 1s, or pivots) form a basis for row(A).

Finding the Basis of the Kernel

The following four steps outline the most effective method for finding a basis for null(A):

1. Reduce A to RREF (R): Find the Reduced Row Echelon Form (R) of the matrix A.
2. Solve the Homogeneous System: Use the RREF, R, to solve the equivalent homogeneous system Rx=0.
3. Identify and Parameterize Variables:
   • Identify the leading variables (those corresponding to columns containing a leading 1 or pivot in the RREF) and the free variables.
   • Solve for the leading variables in terms of the free variables.

Set-UID Privilege Management

The Set-UID approach provides the following:

• Fine-grained access control.
• Normal users run special programs to gain privileges and conduct privileged operations.
• No need for a background process; therefore, it offers better performance.
• A larger attack surface, as environment variables come from the user process.
• A Set-UID process does not always run with root privileges; it runs with the program owner's privileges.

Process Inheritance and Shell Variables

Environment Variables in fork() and execve()

• In the case of fork(), all environment variables from the parent process are inherited by the child process.
• In the case of execve(), the inherited environment variables are decided based on the parameters provided to the execve(

Bisection Method Implementation

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

#define f(x) (cos(x) - (x * exp(x)))

int main() {
    float x0, x1, x2, f0, f1, f2, e;
    int step = 1;

    /* Inputs */
    up:
    printf("\nEnter two initial guesses:\n");
    scanf("%f%f", &x0, &x1);
    printf("Enter tolerable error:\n");
    scanf("%f", &e);

    f0 = f(x0);
    f1 = f(x1);

    if (f0 * f1 > 0.0) {
        printf("Incorrect Initial Guesses. Try again.\n");
        goto up;
    }

    printf("\nStep\t\tx0\t\tx1\t\tx2\t\tf(x2)\n");
    do {
        x2 = (x0 + x1) / 2;
        f2 = f(x2);
        printf("%d\t\t%f\t%f\t%f\t%f\n", step, x0, x1, x2, f2);

        if (f0 * f2 < 0) {
            x1 = x2;
            f1 = f2;

Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization

IEEE 754 Floating Point Bias

• Single Precision (32-bit): Bias = 127 (2⁷ - 1)
• Double Precision (64-bit): Bias = 1023 (2¹⁰ - 1)

Why Bias is Used

Bias allows storing both positive and negative exponents using only unsigned integers. Instead of storing the actual exponent, we store (exponent + bias), which is always positive. This simplifies the comparison of floating-... Continue reading "Computer Architecture and Organization Fundamentals" »

TCP Reliable Transfer and Connection Management

TCP Reliable Transfer

1. Sequence Numbers

   • Each byte of data is assigned a sequence number. This number is used by the receiver to correctly order the data and ensure there are no missing segments.

2. Acknowledgements

   • The receiver sends back an ACK to the sender for the sequence number of the next expected byte. If the sender receives the ACK before its timer expires, it knows everything up to that byte was received correctly.

3. Retransmission

   • If the ACK is not received before the timer expires, the sender retransmits the data.

TCP Connection Management

Managing a TCP connection begins with a three-way handshake, which establishes a connection before any actual data is transmitted.

Steps in Three-Way Handshake

1. SYN

   • The

Integración de Frontend y Backend para Películas

A continuación, se presenta la implementación técnica para el registro y gestión de películas utilizando JavaScript en el cliente y Flask en el servidor.

Implementación del Cliente con JavaScript

El siguiente bloque de código gestiona la captura de datos del formulario y su envío mediante la Fetch API:

const API_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:5000';

const formulario = document.getElementById("pelicula_Form");
const tituloInput = document.getElementById("titulo");
const directorInput = document.getElementById("director");
const anioInput = document.getElementById("anio");

formulario.addEventListener("submit", registrar_Pelicula);

async function registrar_Pelicula(event) {
    try {
        const