Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

What is a software and what is a good software?

A software is a program on a computer which contains information and data. A good software is the one that fulfills the needs and hasn’t got bugs.

Software vs Hardware

Software: not touchable, variable and implemented in order to achieve goals. Hardware: invariable

SOFTWARE ETHICS:

• Confidentiality - Not telling the others because they can copy.
• Competence - To know what you’re doing.
• Intellectual property rights - not steal others ideas because it’s not moral.
• Computer misuse - don’t do things that you are not allowed to.
• Stuxnet: virus that will destroy softwares and hardwares.

SOFTWARE EVALUATION PROCESS:

• Specification: What do I need?
• Development: The programmer does it.
• Validation: Does it work?

Unit 12 Vocabulary

1. Scripting Languages Interpreted

2. Get Out Stuff.

3. Browser Encoded Docs.

4. Programming Model Dataflow

5. Architecture Underlying

6. Retrieve Shift Key.

7. Relieves Infrastructure

8. Message Board Online Discussion.

9. Responsive Web Design.

10. Spreadsheet Financial Planning

Language Focus

1.‐a.‐The program will prompt you with a message if you try to exit the set‐up program.

b.‐If the system detects installed devices, the driver’s menu will show the available device drivers.

c.‐You can change the value of a field if the item is configurable.

d.‐If any of the components are defective, the problem will usually show up in the burn‐in process.

e.‐If this utility finds there is missing software, it lists the missing software... Continue reading "Unit 12 Vocabulary: Scripting Languages, Dataflow, and Architecture" »

C++ Code Examples: Data Filtering and Sorting

This document presents two fundamental C++ programming examples. The first demonstrates how to process user input to extract and display only unique integer values, effectively removing duplicates. The second illustrates the classic Bubble Sort algorithm for arranging elements in ascending order within a std::vector.

Filtering Duplicate Integers in C++

This C++ program prompts the user to enter 20 integers. It then processes these inputs to identify and store only the unique values, discarding any duplicates. Finally, it displays the list of non-duplicate integers.

Program Description: Unique Element Extraction

• Initializes an array a of size 20 to store unique elements, along with a subscript to track

What is bleed? When any image or element on a page touches the edge of the page, extending beyond the trim edge leaving no margin it is said to bleed. It may bleed or extend off one or more sides.

What is slug? Non-printing information (such as a title and date) used to identify a document outside bleed area.

What is Trim - The final size of a printed page after excess edges of paper have been cut off What is Gutter - The area between columns on a page or the blank space between two facing pages in print

Match each file format with the kind of information it would likely be used to save?
o TIFF = A loss-less bit-mapped file format for high-resolution photographic images, typically in print
a EPS = A vector-based file format for high-resolution... Continue reading "Understanding Bleed, Slug, Trim, and Gutter in Print Design" »

Javascript

The async attribute allows the browser to process the web page concurrently with loading and processing the JavaScript.

The defer attribute allows the browser to load the web page concurrently with loading the JavaScript, but the JavaScript is not processed until the web page is completely loaded.script src="bootstrap.js" async>script>

A change event is caused by an element value being modified. Ex: Selecting an item in a radio button group causes a change event.

An input event is caused when the value of an input or textarea element is changed.

A load event is caused when the browser completes loading a resource and dependent resources. Usually load is used with the body element to execute code once all the web page's CSS, JavaScript,

◦ Performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false.

◦ Double-selection statement—selects between two different actions (or groups of actions).

}switch statement

◦ Performs one of several actions, based on the value of an expression.

◦ Multiple-selection statement—selects among many different actions (or groups of actions).

Iteration Statements in Java

}Four iteration statements (also called iteration statements or looping statements)

◦ Perform statements repeatedly while a loop-continuation condition remains true.

}

while and for statements perform the action(s) in their bodies zero or more times

◦ if the loop-continuation condition is initially false, the body will not execute.

}The do…while... Continue reading "Java Control Statements and Operators" »

This document presents a C++ implementation of a Queue data structure, demonstrating its core functionalities and operations. The Queue is implemented using a linked list, adhering to the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle.

Queue Class Definition

The Queue class encapsulates the data members and member functions necessary to manage a queue. Note that the Node struct/class is assumed to be defined elsewhere, typically as struct Node { double info; Node* link; };.

class Queue
{
private:
    Node* front;
    Node* rear;
    int count;
    double info; // This member 'info' within the Queue class itself seems unused in the provided code.
public:
    // Constructor: Should be 'Queue();' without 'void'. Implementation is missing.
    Queue();

CH6

Predictive Modeling Techniques

61) Predictive modeling is perhaps the most commonly practiced branch in data mining. What are three of the most popular predictive modeling techniques?

Answer:

• Artificial neural networks
• Support vector machines
• k-nearest neighbor

62) Why have neural networks shown much promise in many forecasting and business classification applications?

Answer: Because of their ability to "learn" from the data, their nonparametric nature (i.e., no rigid assumptions), and their ability to generalize.

Understanding Neural Networks

63) Each ANN is composed of a collection of neurons that are grouped into layers. One of these layers is the hidden layer. Define the hidden layer.

Answer: A hidden layer is a layer of neurons that takes input... Continue reading "Predictive Modeling Techniques in Data Mining" »

Chapter 1: Foundations of Object-Oriented Programming

Data Encapsulation with Classes

The starting point of object-oriented programming is to provide a more faithful implementation of the notion of “type” in programming. The programming languages we are familiar with come with standard built-in types that we can assign to variables and values:

Built-in Programming Types

• In C, we can use int, float, double, char, etc.
• In Haskell, similarly, we can use Int, Float, Char, Bool, etc.

In addition, programming languages provide a way to assign a single name to a collection of values of the same type. The nature of this collection is determined by the underlying architecture assumed by the programming language.

Collections and Data Structures

Arrays in

Space Complexity

• Analysis of the space complexity of an algorithm or program is the amount of memory it needs to run to completion.
• The space needed by a program consists of the following components:
• Fixed space requirements: Independent of the number and size of the program's input and output. It includes:

• Instruction Space (Space needed to store the code)
• Space for simple variables
• Space for constants

• Variable space requirements: This component consists of:

• Space needed by structured variables whose size depends on the particular instance I of the problem being solved
• Space required when a function uses recursion

Total Space Complexity

S(P) of a program is:

S(P) = C + S_p(I)

Here S_p(I) is the variable space requirements of program P working on an instance... Continue reading "Algorithm Analysis: Time and Space Complexity" »