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Python Programming Essentials: Core Concepts & Techniques

Classified in Computers

Written on in English with a size of 1.35 MB

Understanding Variables & Data Types

Variables: Storing Data

Variables are containers used to store data. They are assigned values using the = operator (e.g., x = 5).

Essential Data Types

Python supports several fundamental data types:

  • int: Represents integer numbers (e.g., 10, -5).
  • float: Represents floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.01).
  • str: Represents strings of characters (e.g., "hello", "123").
  • bool: Represents Boolean values, either True or False.

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Type Casting: Converting Data Types

Type casting allows you to convert data from one type to another using functions like int(), float(), and str().

Example: x = int("5") converts the string "5" to an integer. y = float("3.14") converts the string "3.14" to a float.

Input and Output Operations

Getting

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C Language Fundamentals: Output, Control Flow, Strings, and Sorting

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C printf Function: Format Specifiers Explained

The printf function in C is used to display formatted output to the standard output (usually the console). It allows programmers to control how data is presented by using **format specifiers**. Format specifiers are placeholders that define the type of data being printed and how it should be formatted. They begin with a % symbol, followed by a character that specifies the data type.

Role of Format Specifiers

Format specifiers serve two main purposes:

  1. Data Type Identification: They inform the printf function about the type of data being passed as an argument. For example, %d is used for integers, while %f is used for floating-point numbers.
  2. Formatting Control: They allow customization of how the data
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Core Concepts in Network Layer Protocols and Routing

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1)A virtual-circuit network (VCN) is a hybrid network model that combines features of both circuit-switched and datagram networks. It provides a balance between connection-oriented and connectionless transmission methods :-Three Phases in a Virtual-Circuit Network In a virtual-circuit network, the communication between a source and destination involves three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. These phases ensure that a reliable path is established and maintained for the communication session. 1. Setup Phase: o The source and destination use their global addresses to establish a connection. During this phase, switches along the path create table entries to store information about the virtual circuit. This phase ensures that each switch... Continue reading "Core Concepts in Network Layer Protocols and Routing" »

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Essential Linux Commands & File System Structure

Classified in Computers

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Linux File System Structure: An archive of Linux is associated with 3 parts: superblock, inode table, and data blocks.

Network Ports: To see the ports assigned to services.

Display Active TCP/IP Connections: netstat -a

User Management:

  • Create password: passwd (user)
  • Add user to group: usermod -g group_name
  • Disable: 60001
  • Enable: 60002

Practical Commands:

Add User: adduser

  1. Change folder privileges: chmod
  2. Check privileges: ls -de (see if you changed privileges)
  1. Create a user: useradd newuser
    passwd newuser
  2. Create a directory: The command mkdir is used to create directories:
    mkdir mydirectory
  3. Create a report: ps -aux >> reporte.txt
  4. Directories associated with the user: -d dirname
  5. Changing permission: chmod 744 file.txt /file.txt
  6. Change owner: chown
    Entering
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Internet Fundamentals: Protocols, Web Browsers, and Network Architecture

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Internet vs. World Wide Web (WWW)

  • Internet: A global network infrastructure that uses TCP/IP to connect devices worldwide.
  • WWW (World Wide Web): A multimedia service built upon the Internet, utilizing HTML, CSS, web browsers, and hyperlinks.
  • Webpage: A single document accessible via the WWW. | Website: A collection or group of related webpages.

History and Evolution of the Internet

  • 1960s: Development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
  • 1983: Adoption of the TCP/IP protocol suite (developed by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn).
  • 1989: Invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Tim Berners-Lee.
  • 1992: Release of the Mosaic browser (developed at UIUC), popularizing the graphical web.

Understanding the Client-Server Model

  • Client: Initiates a request
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Shell script

Classified in Computers

Written on in English with a size of 2.47 KB

Ejercicio de descuentos:

#!/bin/bash

read -p "¿Desea el billete también de vuelta? (s/n): " idavuelta

until [ $idavuelta=="s" ] || [ $idavuelta=="n" ]; do

read -p "¿Desea el billete también de vuelta? (s/n): " idavuelta

done

read -p "¿Tiene carnet joven? (s/n): " carnetjoven

until [ $carnetjoven="s" ] || [ $carnetjoven="n" ]; do

read -p "¿Tiene carnet joven? (s/n): " carnetjoven

done

descuento=0 billete=20

if [ $idavuelta="s" ]; then

descuento=20

billete=" expr $billete \* 2'

fi

if [ $carnetjoven="s" ]j then

descuento=30

fi

costefinal=`expr $billete \* \( 100 - $descuento \) / 100`

echo "El precio final del billete es $costefinal"



Ejercicio de medias:

#!/bin/bash

acu=0

cont=0

read -p "Introduce un numero: " num

while [ $num -ne 0 ]; do

acu=`expr $acu + $num`

cont=... Continue reading "Shell script" »

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C Programming Algorithms: Coin Change, Knapsack, MST, Shortest Path

Posted by Anonymous and classified in Computers

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Problem Statement 16: Coin Change

Given a set of coins and a value, find the minimum number of coins to satisfy the given value.

Test Case 1:

Coins: {25, 20, 10, 5}, Value: 50 cents

Used coin: 25 cents

Used coin: 25 cents

Total number of coins: 2

Test Case 2:

Coins: {25, 20, 10, 5}, Value: 73 cents

Used coin: 25 cents

Used coin: 25 cents

Used coin: 20 cents

Used coin: 3 cents

Total number of coins: 4

Code:

-
#include int main { int amount =
50; int coins[] = {25, 20, 10, 5}; int
numCoins = 0;
printf("Amount: %d cents\n", amount);
for (int i = 0; i while (amount >= coins[i]){
amount -= coins 1;
numCoins++；
printf("Used
coin: %d cents\n", coins[i]);
}
printf("Total number of coins: %din", numCoins); return 0; }

Problem Statement 19: -#include #include int i,j,k,... Continue reading "C Programming Algorithms: Coin Change, Knapsack, MST, Shortest Path" »

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Client-Side Web Application Development Examples

Classified in Computers

Written on in English with a size of 8.49 KB

Client-Side Web Application Logic

Course Registration Script

This script handles the client-side logic for a course registration form. It fetches available courses, populates a selection dropdown, and processes form submissions to register new entries via an API.

DOM Element Selection and Initialization

The script begins by selecting necessary DOM elements for interaction and notification display.

const init = async function () {
  const selectEl = document.querySelector("select");
  const formEl = document.querySelector("form");
  const notifEl = document.querySelector(".success-notif");
  const errNotifEl = document.querySelector(".fail-notif");

Notification Dismissal Logic

Functionality to close success and error notification boxes is implemented

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C++ Code Examples: Essential Algorithms & Programs

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C++ Code Examples: Essential Algorithms & Programs

Here are some fundamental C++ code examples covering various algorithms and programming concepts:

Factorial Calculation

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

long factorial(int x) {
 int i, f = 1;
 for (i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
 f = f * i;
 }
 return f;
}

int main() {
 int n;
 cout << "Enter the number: ";
 cin >> n;
 if (n < 0) {
 cout << "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers";
 } else {
 cout << "Factorial = " << factorial(n);
 }
 return 0;
}

String Length Finder

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
 int length = 0, i;
 char s[20];
 cout << "Enter the string: ";
 cin.getline(s, 20);
 for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'
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Database Fundamentals: Normalization, Storage, and SQL Queries

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This document summarizes key concepts and solutions from previous database exam questions.

Relational Schema with Functional Dependencies

  • Schema: R(A, B, C, D, E, F)
  • Dependencies: C → F, E → A, EC → D, A → B
  1. Candidate Keys: CE
  2. Prime Attributes: C, E
  3. Second Normal Form (2NF):
    • No, because of partial dependencies:
      • C → F (partial dependency)
      • E → A, B (partial dependency)

EMP_DEPT Table Analysis

  1. Functional Dependencies:
    • Ssn → Ename, Bdate, Address, Dnumber, Dname, Dmgr_ssn
    • Dnumber → Dname, Dmgr_ssn
    • Dmgr_ssn → Dnumber, Dname
    • Dname → Dnumber, Dmgr_ssn
  2. First Normal Form (1NF):
    • Split names into first_name and last_name.
  3. Second Normal Form (2NF):
    • Already in 2NF because there are no partial dependencies.

EMP_PROJ Table Normalization

  1. Functional Dependencies:
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