Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Carbohydrates: Structure and Classification

Classification

• Monosaccharides: Single sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Disaccharides: Two sugar units joined (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose).
• Polysaccharides: Many sugar units linked (e.g., starch, glycogen).

Aldose vs. Ketose

• Aldose: Contains an aldehyde (-CHO) group (e.g., glucose).
• Ketose: Contains a ketone (>C=O) group (e.g., fructose).
• Number of Carbons: Triose (3C), Tetrose (4C), Pentose (5C), Hexose (6C).

Structural vs. Stereoisomers

• Structural Isomers: Same molecular formula, different bonding patterns or structure.
• Stereoisomers: Same connectivity, different spatial arrangement of atoms.

Chiral Carbons

• Chiral Carbon: A carbon atom bonded to four different groups, creating an asymmetric center.

Echinoderms

Phylum: Echinodermata

• Sea stars (starfish)
• Sea urchins
• Sand dollars
• Sea cucumbers
• Brittle stars

Key Features:

• Symmetry: Larvae: Bilateral; Adults: Pentaradial
• Body Covering: Spiny skin, endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
• Movement: Tube feet powered by water vascular system
• Nervous System: No brain; nerve ring with radial nerves
• Circulation: Water vascular system (no true circulatory system)
• Respiration: Diffusion via tube feet or skin gills
• Reproduction: Mostly external fertilization; can regenerate lost parts
• Habitat: Marine only (no freshwater/terrestrial species)

Water Vascular System

A hydraulic system for movement, feeding, and respiration.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What type of symmetry do adult echinoderms have? Pentaradial symmetry
2. Which

1. Task Constraints in Real-Time Systems

In real-time systems, task constraints refer to the limitations or requirements that must be met for timely and correct execution. The key constraints include:

• Time constraints (hard and soft deadlines)
• Precedence constraints (task dependencies)
• Resource constraints (limited CPU, memory)
• Synchronization constraints (shared resource management)

Failing to meet these constraints can result in system failure in critical applications like aircraft control and medical monitoring systems.

2. EDD (Earliest Due Date) Algorithm Explained

The EDD (Earliest Due Date) algorithm is used for aperiodic task scheduling, where tasks are executed in order of their deadlines. The task having the earliest due date is given the

Lecture 1: Moore's Law

Moore's Law: The number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years.

Lecture 2: Logic Gates

AND, OR, and NOT gates are universal.

Logic word problem steps:

Example: In a bank, there were four employees: the bank manager, assistant manager, teller, and the security guard. The bank has a single vault for the storage of their money. This vault was designed so that it needs four signals to open it. These four signals are from the bank manager, assistant manager, teller, and the security guard. For the vault to open, it needs the following conditions:

1. No single employee can open the vault.
2. It can be opened with three employees as long as one of them is the manager.
3. It can be opened by the manager together with the assistant

Passive Voice

• Active: The secretary types the letter.
• Passive: The letters are typed by the secretary.

• Future Simple: Will type / Will be typed
• Past Simple: Typed / Were typed
• Modal: Can type / Can be typed
• Present Continuous: Am/is/are being + past participle
• Present Perfect Simple: Have / has been + past participle

Impersonal Voice

1. It is thought/said/believed + that...
2. Subject + is considered/thought/said + to be...

The Causative (get/have + object + verb 3rd form)

Often associated with professions. Changes depending on the verbal tenses.

Ex: The painters painted my house / I had my house painted by the painters.

Wish Clauses

1. Wish + subject + past simple (about the future): Not reality, but you want it to happen. Ej: I wish I were a rich man.
2. Wish + could

Themes in The Outsiders

Class Conflict: The rivalry between the Greasers and Socs emphasizes the socioeconomic divide and its impact on identity and relationships.

Identity and Belonging: Characters grapple with their place in society and within their groups, highlighting the search for self amidst stereotypes.

Violence and Its Consequences: The physical and emotional toll of gang rivalry demonstrates the destructiveness of unchecked aggression.

Loyalty and Brotherhood: The Greasers' strong bonds showcase the importance of chosen family in adversity.

Loss of Innocence: Ponyboy and Johnny, especially, confront moral dilemmas and death, leading to a poignant coming-of-age journey.

Conflicts in The Outsiders

• Man vs. Society: Both groups face judgment

Writing for and Against

Introduction (No Opinion)

Lately, not only has ____ been a popular topic, but it has also led some collectives to voice criticism of the mainstream attitude. It should be a crucial target for the (administration, government, state, whole society) to____, due to____. In this paper, two approaches which ought to be taken into account will be discussed.

Advantages

Those who are in favour claim that ____. To begin with ____. Besides ____. Another major advantage is that ____.

Disadvantages

Nevertheless, in spite of the advantages, there are the main drawbacks. One of the biggest concerns is ____, in other words, _____. Another negative aspect is that ____. Lastly ____.

Conclusion

Having looked at both sides of the argument, I really... Continue reading "Crafting Persuasive Essays: Argumentation and Opinion Writing" »

Chapter 2: Predetermined Overhead Rate

Predetermined Overhead Rate = Estimated Total Manufacturing Overhead (MOH) / Estimated Total MOH Driver (e.g., Direct Labor hours, Direct Labor costs, Machine Hours)

Prime Cost = Direct Materials + Direct Manufacturing Labor

Conversion Cost = Direct Manufacturing Labor + Indirect Manufacturing Overhead

Cost Accumulation: Data is collected in an organized way (also known as cost pools).

Cost Assignment: Systematically links an actual cost pool to a distinct cost object (e.g., Tires, engine, labor assigned to car cost).

Activity Base: Examples include kilometers driven in a car, units produced, units sold, machine hours.

Product Cost: Costs tied to creating a product (Direct Materials, Direct Labor, Manufacturing... Continue reading "Cost Accounting Essentials: Key Concepts and Calculations" »

Understanding Key Literary Devices

Metaphor

A comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as."
Example: "Time is a thief."

Simile

A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as."
Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."

Alliteration

The repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a series of words.
Example: "She sells seashells by the seashore."

Symbol

Using symbols (objects, characters, or actions) to represent larger ideas or concepts.
Example: A dove representing peace.

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement used for emphasis or effect.
Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."

Imagery

Refers to descriptive language that appeals to the five senses—sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
Example: Visual Imagery (

Vocabulary Glossary

Part 1

• Ragtime: A style of music characterized by a syncopated melodic line and regularly accented accompaniment, evolved by Black American musicians in the 1890s.
• Entwined: Wind or twist together; interweave.
• Crumbling: Breaking or falling apart into small fragments, especially as part of a process of deterioration.
• Loom: To appear as a large, often frightening or unclear shape or object; also, a device for weaving fabric.
• Sprawls: A small contrasting part of something.
• Haggard: Looking exhausted and unwell, especially from fatigue, worry, or suffering.
• Tenantry: The tenants of an estate; tenancy.
• Billowy: Characterized by or full of billows; surging.
• Cryptograph: A coded message or the art of writing or solving codes.
• Staggering: