Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Central Park: A Manhattan Oasis

Central Park is a large public park located in the heart of Manhattan, New York City. It offers a peaceful escape from the bustling streets and is full of natural beauty, including serene lakes, lush gardens, and winding walking trails.

Activities & Attractions

The park is perfect for a variety of activities, such as biking, jogging, or simply relaxing on the grass. It also features iconic attractions like the Central Park Zoo and the famous Bow Bridge.

Seasonal Splendor

Each season brings its own special charm to the park:

• Autumn: Vibrant, colorful leaves
• Winter: Picturesque, snow-covered trees
• Spring: Beautiful, blooming flowers

While it can get crowded, especially on weekends, Central Park remains an essential... Continue reading "Featured Reviews: Iconic NYC Park, Authentic Italian Cuisine, & Dystopian Classic" »

Software Architecture Fundamentals

• Definition (IEEE): The fundamental organization of a software system, including components, their relationships, and design principles.

• Purpose: To ensure reliability, efficiency, security, and maintainability.

Architectural Design Process

• Goal: Design the system’s overall structure and its communication.

• Outputs: An architectural model showing component interaction.

• Key Link: Connects requirements to design.

Software Architecture Documentation

• Includes:

  • Product Overview

  • Static and Dynamic Architectural Models

  • Mapping Between Models

  • Design Rationale

Architectural Abstraction Levels

• In the Small: Structure of a single program.

• In the Large: Structure of enterprise-level systems across networks.

Benefits of Explicit Architecture

• Stakeholder

Living Alone vs. Parents: A Young Adult's Choice

Normally, when you start working or studying, you leave your home and rent a house, beginning to live on your own. Many young adults believe this is beneficial for their independence, while others think it is too challenging. As a result, many prefer to stay with their parents instead of buying or renting a new place.

Embracing Independence

On the one hand, renting a house allows you to become more independent, as you have to take care of household chores by yourself, such as cleaning the house or cooking dinner. Additionally, you have more freedom because you don’t feel pressured by your parents. For example, you can play music throughout the house without disturbing your flatmates.

Navigating

Foundations of Modern Naval Power (1900–1941)

William Sims: The Gunnery Reformer

William Sims was a transformative figure in the U.S. Navy at the turn of the 20th century, challenging ingrained traditions and advocating for a more professional and technologically advanced force. His key contribution was his relentless push for improved gunnery practices, particularly the adoption of continuous aim firing. Prior to Sims, American naval gunnery was notoriously inaccurate, relying on slow, deliberate shots. Sims, through persistent correspondence and demonstrations, convinced the Navy leadership that faster, more accurate fire was achievable and essential. This reform dramatically increased the combat effectiveness of U.S. warships, as demonstrated... Continue reading "Defining Moments in U.S. Naval History and Sea Power" »

English Grammar Practice: Set 1

1. I’m looking forward to trying the new restaurant.
2. She asked me where I had bought that jacket.
3. When did you move to Spain?
4. We shouldn’t have left the house without a jacket.
5. I have my car revised every February.
6. The match was cancelled due to heavy rain.
7. That is the city where we lived for four years.
8. An event is being organized to raise money for charity.
9. She apologised for breaking my mug.
10. At 10:30, she will be playing football.
11. It is thought that she is one of the best actors in the world.
12. If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t always be tired.
13. I wish I had revised English grammar.
14. We have been sent an invitation.
15. She said that they were going to visit their grandparents the next day.

English Grammar Practice: Set

Essential Business & Financial Definitions

• Start-up: A new business

• Benefit: An advantage or gain

• Idea: A concept or thought

• Problem: A challenge to solve

• Solution: A way to solve a problem

• Product: A good for sale

• Service: A helpful action or work

• Customer: A buyer or user

• Target Audience: The intended group of people

• Competition: Other businesses in the market

• Business Plan: A roadmap for a business

• Marketing: Promoting products or services

• Funding: Money for a business

• Earn: To receive money for work

• Income: Money received regularly

• Sales: Transactions of goods or services

• Profit: Money earned after costs

• Goods: Physical products

• Savings: Setting money aside

• Budget: A plan for money management

Synonyms for Key Business Terms

• Start-up: New company, new venture

• Benefit:

Understanding the Unified Process (UP) Model

This document provides a clear representation and explanation of the Unified Process (UP) Model and its key phases.

Unified Process (UP) Model Diagram

Time →
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|  Inception     | Elaboration    | Construction   | Transition     |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|   Requirements |  Architecture  |  Development   |  Deployment    |
|    Analysis    |   Design       |  Implementation|  Testing       |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|     Iteration based development across all phases (Iterative & Incremental) |

Unified Process Model Phases

1. Inception Phase:

Key Compliance Requirements Under the Companies Act, 2013

This document summarizes essential provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 (CA, 2013) related to corporate finance, statutory appointments, and governance roles.

Dividend Definition and Types

A dividend is a portion of a company’s net profits distributed to its shareholders as a return on their investment. It is decided by the Board of Directors and typically approved by the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting (AGM).

Key Types of Dividends

• Interim Dividend: Declared by the Board of Directors during the financial year, before the AGM.
• Final Dividend: Declared at the AGM after the financial year ends and accounts are approved; requires shareholder approval.
• Cash Dividend: The most common

This document is an excerpt from a 1950 speech by Senator Joseph McCarthy, a key figure during the early years of the Cold War. In this speech, McCarthy warns of widespread communist infiltration within the U.S. government, claiming that traitors were working to weaken American democracy from the inside.

Historical Context of McCarthy's Speech

In the early Cold War period, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were intensifying. The U.S. feared the spread of communism abroad and at home, especially after the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in 1949 and China became a communist nation. These events fueled widespread paranoia and set the stage for what became known as McCarthyism.

Audience and Purpose of the Speech

McCarthy’s... Continue reading "Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1950 Speech: The Internal Communist Threat" »

What is E-commerce?

Definition of E-commerce

E-commerce is the process of conducting commercial transactions, such as buying and selling goods or services, using the internet and electronic communication.

Types of E-commerce

• Business-to-Consumer (B2C): Businesses selling directly to individual consumers (e.g., online retailers).
• Business-to-Business (B2B): Businesses selling to other businesses (e.g., wholesale suppliers).
• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): Individuals selling directly to other individuals (e.g., online marketplaces).
• Mobile Commerce (M-commerce): Transactions conducted through mobile devices.

Significance of E-commerce

E-commerce is important because it offers businesses the ability to reach a global audience, operate 24/7, reduce costs,... Continue reading "E-commerce Essentials: Digital Commerce & Online Business Benefits" »