Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Characteristics of Literary Realism

Feature of the Narrator: Objective Observation

Psychological Analysis of Characters

Protagonists in realistic works are ordinary characters, unlike the idealized heroes found in Romantic literature.

The Omniscient Narrator

This type of narrator is the most common in the 19th-century novel. The omniscient narrator controls the entire narrative field, knows everything about the characters, and dictates the story.

Context and Style

• Contemporary Ambiance: The writer reflects the time when he lives, analyzes society, and presents it to the reader.
• Thesis Approach (novels often centered on a specific ideological conflict).
• Use of the newspaper as a means of diffusion (serialization).

Realism in Spain

Spanish Realism had some... Continue reading "The Literary Movement of 19th-Century Realism and Galdós" »

Classical Greek culture can be summarized as:

• Anthropocentric culture: Dominated by a concern for humanity, considered the most perfect being on Earth and the center of the universe. Its interests centered on beauty, rationality, and balance.
• Political organization: Based on the city-state or Polis.
• Political ideal: Democracy, with thought guided by reason.
• Religiosity: There were no dogmas or clergy, but religion acted as a unifying link among Greeks. All beliefs were based on myths, and gods were conceived as humans, possessing strengths, weaknesses, and passions.

Greek Architecture: Orders and Elements

Greek architecture, which developed during the 7th century BCE, focused on human scale and utilized trabeated construction. It employed load-bearing... Continue reading "Ancient Greek Art and Architecture: Orders & Temples" »

Cultural Relativism and Intercultural Dialogue

Cultural Relativism proposes to analyze various cultures based on their own values, promoting tolerance. However, it faces constraints, often leading to a lack of dialogue and being very enclosed.

Challenges of Relativism

• Racism: Some believe that separation is best to preserve culture, advocating against mixing cultures.
• Romantic Contact: An exaggerated attitude focusing only on the positive aspects of different cultures, often defending a static vision of culture and the preservation of traditions.

Dialogue Between Cultures: Relativity or Universality?

Dialogue between cultures is a requirement of our time, necessary to provide common answers for humanity. According to the challenges of relativism,... Continue reading "Philosophical Foundations: Ethics, Personhood, and Autonomy" »

Antonio Buero Vallejo's Theater

• Characters: Adopt perspectives shaped by time to confront events, aiming to provoke reflection in the audience.
• Audience Identification: Reality is presented subjectively, as the character experiences it (e.g., if a character goes blind, the lighting might reflect this).
• Detailed Stage Directions: Meticulously describes settings, gestures, movements, and character attitudes.
• Symbolism: Characters often embody symbolic meanings; for instance, blindness can represent human limitation and loneliness, while light signifies truth.

Alfonso Sastre: Squad Towards Death

His work includes Existential Drama (Escuadra hacia la muerte - Squad Towards Death), Theater of Social Complaint (Muerte en el barrio - Death in the Neighborhood,... Continue reading "Post-War Spanish Drama: Buero Vallejo and Sastre" »

Narrative Action and Plot Structure

Action: The narrative re-creation and the narrator are the sequence of events following an order called the mesh, which can conclude with the history. The classic schema organizes episodes into production, node, and outcome, but there may be alterations, such as starting the narration through the conflict or the end.

Character Classification and Development

The Characters: These are beings that carry out the action and can be classified as protagonists, secondary, and incidental. Characterization for these characters can be flat (they do not present psychological conflicts or evolve throughout the text) or round (they possess great psychological complexity and evolution through the narration).

Modes of Speech

Narrative Text: Key Elements

Narrative: The story is the relationship, real or imaginary, of events that occur to characters in a specific place and time. In every narrative, there is a story (the set of events that have occurred in reality) and an account or plot (the expression of these facts, presented as history).

Elements of Narration

• Narrator and Author: The author is the real writer who writes the story. The narrator is the one who tells the story. From the narrator's point of view, this can be in:
  • Third person: The narrator recounts what happens to others and can be omniscient (knows everything) or absent (only recounts what is visible).
  • First person: The narrator recounts what happened to them (protagonist narrator) or what they saw or

Understanding Organizational Culture

Organizational culture is a set of values, beliefs, language standards, knowledge, behavioral codes, and forms of action that are known and shared by its members, and which are also unique and identifying characteristics of the organization.

Core Elements of Culture

• Values: These are cultural constructs and convictions that guide choices over others, thereby determining organizational behavior.
• Visions: These are the ideas that organizational leaders have about the future of their business—what to continue, what to grow, what to start, and what to discontinue.
• Drivers: These are phrases that conceptualize the leaders' vision, which are then adopted by the organization's members. They must be genuine, not just

Avant-gardism in Catalan Literature

Avant-gardism represents a current of authors who adopted a critical and committed stance, struggling against:

• The increasingly strong tension between the bourgeoisie and the working class.
• The profound consequences of the First World War.

These artists were often classified as "terrorists" due to their fervent desire to seek new ways to express art and challenge established standards. A notable example is Joan Salvat-Papasseit.

Key Figures of Catalan Avant-gardism

Joan Salvat-Papasseit: A Rebellious Spirit

Joan Salvat-Papasseit (1894-1924) was born into a humble, proletarian family and became orphaned early in life. His poems speak of love, the daily lives of ordinary people, and the humble pride of expressing... Continue reading "Catalan Literary Movements: Avant-gardism & Noucentisme" »

Farmhouse Narratives: Landscape and Social Dynamics

The narrative centers on two distinct farmhouses: La Jara, introduced early on, and the older farmhouse on the Piton, which forms the primary setting for the unfolding story. The landscape elements are meticulously described and carefully selected. The main farmhouse is divided into two key areas: a vast rural zone and an integrated residential section. The natural area is extensive and protected by a group of guards. This land is a place of work and a critical stage for a grand game enjoyed by its guests. The gentlemen pay close attention to three landscape elements: flora, fauna, and geological formations.

The residential area is enclosed by a wall and a gate. It features a courtyard surrounded... Continue reading "Farmhouse Narratives: Landscape, Social Injustice, and Witness Accounts" »

Understanding Text Columns

A text column is an argumentative piece where the author states or defends a particular opinion, or communicates insights to readers.

• Authorship: Often reflects the opinion of a prestigious person.
• Purpose: To inform, analyze, and educate the public about a particular event, encouraging reader interpretation.
• Topic: Can cover any subject.
• Brevity: Columnists have limited space for writing.
• Timescale: Fixed within periodic publications.
• Style: Sober, aiming for clarity and precision.

The Opinion Piece: An Argumentative Text

An opinion piece is an argumentative text where the author presents their point of view on any particular issue.

• Authorship: Often reflects the opinion of an expert on the subject, frequently collaborating