Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel and The Last Judgement

Michelangelo Buonarroti (Caprese, 1475 – Rome, 1564). Period: 1508-1512. Renaissance. Technique: Fresco painting. Theme: Biblical. Location: Vatican City.

Michelangelo, a painter, sculptor, architect, and designer, was connected to the Medici family from childhood, learning in the workshop of painter Domenico Ghirlandaio and studying sculpture at the Medici gardens school under Bertoldo di Giovanni.

After the death of his patron, Lorenzo de' Medici, in 1492, Michelangelo resided in Bologna until 1496. He then moved to Rome, where he solidified his reputation by undertaking significant papal commissions, alongside notable works in Florence.

Formal Description

The Sistine Chapel's vault measures... Continue reading "Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel: Art, History, and Restoration" »

Opinion Genres in Journalism

The purpose of opinion genres is to judge, criticize, analyze data and attitudes, and create controversy. They have a subjective character and are as follows:

• Editorials: In daily broadcasts, the editorial considers the relevant facts of the month and takes a position based on ideology.
• Articles: Exposing opinions, analysis, criticism, and reviews on topics within the general facts.
• Letters to the Editor: In which readers give their opinions about events or personal collections.

Article Determinants

• Definite: The, the, the, in's, n', l'...
• Demonstrative: This, that, this, that...
• Possessive: My, your, his, our, your, their...
• Numerals: One, two, first, half, second, double...
• Quantitative: How much, less, little,

Portuguese Mysticism and Folkloric Traditions

This document delves into the rich tapestry of popular magic and spiritual culture, particularly as it manifests in Portugal. It portrays a mysterious and magical Portugal, highlighting three fundamental aspects:

• Parapsychological Experiences: Events beyond conventional scientific explanation.
• Traditional Beliefs: Such as witchcraft and ancient customs.
• Folk Religious Practices: Including various superstitions and saint-related traditions.

Formally, its narrative incorporates structural and stylistic features characteristic of the oral narrative tradition. These include:

Narrative Elements

• Opening Formulas: Traditional phrases that begin a story.
• Narrative Spiral: A storytelling technique that revisits

Realism and Naturalism in 19th-Century Europe

Historical and Social Context

The 19th century in Europe was characterized by rapid population growth and economic expansion based on industrialization. This era was marked by the consolidation of power by authoritarian governments and the rise of the bourgeoisie. The conservative appearance of figures like Napoleon III in France and the imperialist colonial period responded to these interests, driven by the need for raw materials and new markets. These interests clashed with emerging philosophical currents such as positivism and Marxism.

Scientific and experimental trends, including the theory of evolution and theories of heredity, significantly influenced literature. The rigorous observation of reality,... Continue reading "19th-Century Realism and Naturalism in European Literature" »

Leopoldo Alas "Clarín" — Criticism and Narrative

Leopoldo Alas "Clarín" — critical work and narrative

Leopoldo Alas, known by his pen name Clarín, was a literary critic known for the sharpness of his judgments. His articles reveal his preferences: he admired Balzac and, with reservations, praised Flaubert and defended Zola. Among the Spanish writers he praised Benito Pérez Galdós.

Narrative and Major Novels

As a novelist, Clarín began with La Regenta (translated as The Judge's Wife) published in 1884. He later published Su único hijo (1890), an estimable work though considered inferior to La Regenta.

Short Stories and ¡Adiós, Cordera!

In addition, he composed more than seventy short stories, in whose pages one finds tender and critical... Continue reading "Leopoldo Alas Clarín: Major Works and Narrative Style" »

Advertisements

Advertisements use persuasion to influence the receiver. Key parts include: an image of the product (often with a related image), a short, memorable tagline, text (which may or may not be present), and the logo or monogram of the entity advertising.

Linguistic Variation

Language use differs for each speaker, even when expressing the same idea. This variation depends on age, cultural background, and origin. Three different linguistic varieties exist:

• Diatopic Varieties: Characterize speakers belonging to a specific geographical area.
• Diachronic Varieties: Identify speech features from a particular historical moment or generation.
• Diastratic Varieties: Specify a particular social class or group.

The communicative situation influences... Continue reading "Poetry and Linguistics: Exploring Language Variations" »

Wassily Kandinsky: Composition IV (1910-1913)

This pioneering work of contemporary abstract art announces a new direction in 20th-century painting. Composition IV is a crucial piece in the evolution of Wassily Kandinsky, the creator of abstraction in painting.

Key Details of Composition IV

• Author: Wassily Kandinsky
• Work: Composition IV
• Technique: Oil on canvas
• Chronology: Painted between 1910 and 1913

Style and Interpretation

The figures are simple, but the color is so arbitrary and confusing that it is impossible to distinguish the subject without reference to previous pictures in the series. Especially confusing for the viewer is how the line is used both as an independent element and as a limit to the color.

The Evolution of Wassily Kandinsky's Work

Kandinsky... Continue reading "Wassily Kandinsky's Composition IV: Birth of Abstract Art" »

Core Concepts of Visual Communication

Elements of Communication

• Sender: The person, group, or object that emits a message.
• Receiver: The entity that receives the message.
• Message: The content perceived by our senses.
• Code: A structured set of signs used to understand the message.
• Channel: The medium that enables transmission (e.g., photography, television, poster).
• Context/Referent: The aim or subject matter necessary to achieve communication.

Functions of the Image

• Informative: Focuses on transmitting information. For example, red lights indicating danger and prohibiting crossing.
• Expressive: Causes feelings to surface. Its purpose lies not in the visual content itself, but in the emotions it produces in the viewer.
• Aesthetic: Centers its message on

The scene in the foreground, with figures, depicts Judith beheading Holofernes. The body of Holofernes extends to the bottom of the canvas. The anatomy of the naked body is rendered with absolute perfection. He is depicted as a bearded man with strong muscles. The figure of the maid is waiting with her *mantilla* extended to receive the head and take it to the camp of the Jews. Ocher and white are used to highlight the main figure, and red in the curtains serves to emphasize the importance of the character below. The rest of the room is black, with a gloomy light illuminating the figures. Details such as the earrings that the *Madeleine* had thrown down are now being used by Judith. There is realism in the figures, while the setting is eerie... Continue reading "Caravaggio's Roman Period: Masterpieces and Controversies" »

Don Juan Tenorio

3.3 Don Juan Tenorio.

The most important issue is the freedom to decide, besides love and the mercy of God.

Plot

Plot: Don Juan Tenorio is a charming man and deceiver, who kidnaps Doña Inés to win a bet. His father is affronted and Don Juan kills him. Five years after the trickster's exploits, he goes back among the pantheon of philanderers; Doña Inés discovers that she has died. Don Juan invites the statue of the Commander to dinner; the statue announces his own death and later returns the invitation. Don Juan attends his own mock funeral, then repents and is ultimately saved.

Structure, Time and Space

Structure, time and space.

The work consists of two parts, four and three acts each, corresponding to two nights in Seville.... Continue reading "Don Juan Tenorio: Redemption, Love and Freedom" »