Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Popular Poetry: Traditional Narrative - The Old Ballads

The romances are short, lyrical, epic compositions arising from the fragmentation of the ancient epics. These romances, whose first manifestations date back to the late fourteenth century, were transmitted orally during the fifteenth century. Throughout the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century, authors collected and cultured the Songbooks and included them in Romanceros.

In response to the issues addressed, they can be classified into:

• Historic-nationals: They come from the old Castilian epics and exalt their heroes.
• Romantic and lyrical: Created by popular imagination.
• Border and Moors: They tell military episodes that take place on the border between Moorish and

Conjunctions and Conjunctive Phrases:

• Cause: because, since, as.
• Consecutive: therefore, so, thus.
• Conditional: if, on condition that, provided that, in case, only if, while.
• Final: so that, in order that.
• Concessive: although, though, even though, despite, unless.

Theatrical Structure

Theater acts are complete fragments or parts. These are divided into scenes. A character's entrance or exit marks the beginning or end of a scene. Scenes intercross to form a cohesive whole.

Theatrical Text

The theatrical text has two levels:

Text-Negotiated

• Dialogues: Conversations between characters that advance the action.
• Monologues: A character's speech to themselves, revealing intentions and feelings.
• Soliloquy: A monologue with questions the character answers themselves.

Knot Story

Levels of Identification

1st Level: Character psychology.

2nd Level: Situation sociology. Example: A man faces impending death, known to all but him, amidst an ideal week.

Script Argument and Conflict

The unifying script argument is the core conflict driving the narrative. This conflict arises from the interplay between intentions and internal/external resistance, reflecting everyday life struggles.

Chronological Development

An overview of the full script treatment involves four stages:

1. Exposition
2. Conflict Joint
3. Conflict Termination
4. Outcome

Script Development Process

Idea

Ideas can emerge from various sources, from a story germ to a documentary concept. Explore all development possibilities and record them for later review.

Synopsis

A concise promotional... Continue reading "Narrative and Script Development" »

Imaging and Photogrammetry Concepts

1. Optical Aberrations and Their Effects

Indicate the consequences of each aberration:

• Coma: [Consequence]
• Curvature of Field: [Consequence]
• Astigmatism: Object Approach.
• Distortion: [Consequence]

2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tasks

Select the correct answers. The tasks of DSP include:

• Digital Signal Processing.
• Convert the analog signal into a digital signal.
• Improving the geometric resolution of the image.
• Adjusting the contrast.

3. Factors Affecting Image Resolution

Relate the following factors to their respective resolution types:

• IR-Filter: Radiometric Resolution
• Exposure: Radiometric Resolution
• Flight Altitude: Geometric Resolution
• Wavelength: Radiometric Resolution
• Focal Length: Geometric Resolution
• Solid Angle:

Workplace Hygiene & Sanitation

Article 12: Basic hygiene and grooming needs.

Article 13-14: Systems and potable water supply.

Water Supply & Facilities

Toilets, Sinks, and Showers

Articles 21 to 26: Every workplace must have toilets and sinks appropriate to the number of workers, and showers if the work situation requires. For temporary tasks, toilets may be replaced with sanitary latrines or chemical toilets. An employer is responsible for maintaining the proper operation and cleaning of these facilities. Wastewater must be discharged into the public sewer system or treated through a private system or plant.

Cloakrooms & Dining Facilities

Paragraph V. Cloakroom and dining mentioned in Article 27:

Dressing Room Requirements

Article 27 states... Continue reading "Workplace Safety, Hygiene, and Fire Prevention Standards" »

Baroque Theater: Types of Dramas

In Baroque theater, two main types of dramas were represented: serious and comical.

Long Works

Long works can be classified as follows:

Serious Dramas

• Tragedies: Present pitiful disasters, emotionally involving the audience.
• Tragicomedy: Explore a variety of topics, usually related to honor.
• Autos Sacramentales: Religious works celebrating the Eucharist.

Comic Dramas

• Comedy Swashbuckling: Deal with love affairs carried out by gentlemen.
• Comedy of Figurehead: Inserts a comic character into the scheme of swashbuckling comedy.
• Comedy Palate: Sitcoms with noble protagonists.
• Comedy Burlesque: Comedy based on the reversal of values and verbal humor.

Short Works

The Baroque style saw a dramatic proliferation of short dramatic pieces,... Continue reading "Baroque Theater: Types of Dramas and Representation Elements" »

Understanding Humanism: Renaissance Intellectual Movement

Humanism is an intellectual, philological, and philosophical movement closely linked to the European artistic Renaissance. Originating in 15th-century Italy, Humanism advocates for the full development of individuals in all aspects, drawing inspiration from classical Greco-Latin sources, many of which were newly discovered at the time.

Key Factors Fostering Humanism's Rise

• Migration of Byzantine Scholars: As the Eastern Roman Empire faced siege by the Turks, many scholars sought refuge in Western Europe, bringing their knowledge and ancient texts.
• Invention of Printing (1449): Johannes Gutenberg's invention significantly lowered the cost and facilitated the widespread dissemination of books

Juan Ramón Jiménez: A Poetic Evolution

Juan Ramón Jiménez's poetic career underwent a profound evolution, marked by distinct stages and influences.

Early Works: Melancholy and Modernism

The first stage of Jiménez's work is characterized by a pervasive sense of melancholy. Aestheticism and decadence are prominent in his early works, with recurring themes such as nostalgia and the presence of death.

Symbolism is evident in works like Sad Arias and Distant Gardens, the latter expressing an underlying erotic conflict. His return to Moguer brought with it the influence of Modernism. In Green Leaves, he incorporates new Orientalist elements and experiments with metric forms. Elegy, Poems of Magical and Dolorous Sound, and Loneliness refine Modernist... Continue reading "Juan Ramón Jiménez: Poetic Evolution and Key Works" »

Journalistic Genres: Information, Opinion, and Hybrid Forms

Information Genres in Journalism

These genres aim to transmit information as objectively as possible. Major sub-genres usually included in this group are:

• The News

  An objective account of an event where no opinion of the journalist is involved. It is a short and concise text that describes general information of interest. The text type is narrative-expository. News answers who, where, when, how, and why. Its structure is as follows:

  1. Head: A phrase that emphasizes the aspect of the story intended to attract attention.
  2. Input or Lead: A paragraph that encapsulates the most important news.
  3. Body: Several paragraphs that develop and complete the entry information. Its structure, often an inverted

Marx's Historical Materialism: Core Principles

One of the strongest features of Marx's philosophy is called historical materialism. This is understood as a theory of social evolution, i.e., a theory of historical development. This theory has five key findings:

1. The Material Basis of Human History

   The history of human beings is the history of the material conditions that allow them to build their lives. Human beings are natural and part of nature. However, humans also produce their livelihoods, build their way of life, feed themselves, build their homes, and use tools that transform nature; they therefore produce their material life. This material life is what Marx called the economic process of production and exchange. Historical materialism maintains