Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Baccalaureate

Unamuno's San Manuel Bueno, Mártir: Core Themes and Moral Conflict

Miguel de Unamuno's novel, San Manuel Bueno, Mártir, delves into profound social, cultural, and ethical issues that challenge its readers. The text presents an ideology, primarily embodied by Don Manuel, which suggests that it is better not to be. This ideology and value system, meticulously crafted by Don Manuel, forms the moral foundation of the village. The central moral problem does not lie with Don Manuel himself, as he has no choice but to believe in life while not believing in God, and therefore must defend life above all else. His terrible tragedy is maintaining the faith of his followers while having lost his own. He believes he must let others live to see them live,...

Comparison: Both authors are considered as the philosophers of suspicion. Despite the great differences between them, the philosophies of Marx and Nietzsche show the shortcomings of the founding notion of subject, which had been the starting point on which modern philosophy had developed. Both have noted how the basis of the notion of conscience is hidden: key social, economic and ideological (Marx), a morality received and spawned from a grudge against life (Nietzsche). The notion loses its regulator. Marx is a materialist view, influenced by Hegel's dialectic: everything is matter. Its design is "historical materialism": the political and social changes occur from changes occurring in the material basis of society, modes of production. For

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common ideas:

For both the story has a dialectical structure. Kant fails to formulate the terms of thesis, antithesis and synthesis (which do appear in Hegel and Marx later), but he defends, like Marx, that history suffers apparent setbacks can have a sense from this not easy to determine. The story, as Kant conceives it, is also dynamic and historical movements could be explained dialectically.

For both authors, there is also a positive assessment of the conflict. This has been sufficiently clear in our discussion of Marx, and also appears in Idea of a universal history with cosmopolitan purpose, where Marx says that the antagonism already present in human nature itself ( it is unsocial sociability) is the mechanism that nature uses for the...

-Saint Thomas Aquinas, "Theory of Knowledge:
Nature is made up of substances composed of matter and form. The subject is the element that identifies and form is the principle of universality. To know is to grasp the ways, as Aristotle correctly said, all knowledge begins with the senses. The process of knowledge is as follows:
a) The senses grasp particular objects, which are recorded in the imagination or fantasy, giving rise to images or print sensitive species. " These images are still signs or characteristics of the objects that come. The images are universal and form is only found in power.
b) Through a process of abstraction, the agent intellect robs those images containing the specific and removes the "forms." Rise of the "intelligible...

HOMINIZACIÓN.
· Fundamental change for the start of the process of humanization was bidepismo, q and thereby shift brought about important anatomical adaptations.
· This led to a change in the structure of the foot: the big toe became not opposable, allowing support of the entire plant, q normally allowed to go and stay on two feet.
· Upright posture his center of gravity in the pelvis, is estrexa q, q it requires the modification of the vertebral column q can maintain balance and hold your head up.
· When standing erect position was another major change occurred: the liberation of the hands assumed technical roles: to manufacture and operate and tools.
· In vertical position, the hominid no longer needs to defend or attack with...

Comparing Nietzsche and Plato. Nietzsche's thought it is interesting to compare it to a thinker who represents an entirely different way of viewing reality, as is the case of rational idealism of Plato. Nietzsche is a connoisseur of Greek thought, which will become a great critic, considering the origin and foundation of the great evils that have afflicted Western civilization.
There are common features in the literary style of both authors, whose works are myths and metaphors as teaching resources, sometimes even poetic style. Also common to both authors defending the aristocratic sense of existence, although from very different perspectives. In the case of Plato is an aristocracy of knowledge (the most wise and generous are the ones who...

Change and permanence: The first problem is metaphysical is considered one of the first to be asked in the history of philosophy, the problem of permanence and Change. Greek thinkers were impressed by two basic characteristics of the world: the fact that naturals so changes and the continuity of certain permanent conditions .- The solution aparentementes Aristotelian Aristotle is the most important metaphysical theory that brings the ancient Greek to solve the problem of change and permanencia.Segun Aristotle, two aspects should be identified any natural event -> forma.La subject matter and is something that remains is subject variaciones.La support or form is what is gained or lost in cambio.Todos processes and each of the objects in the

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Government and Society: The Perfect State

The State: The state is a perfect society that has all the means to achieve its goal, and it is necessary for defense, peace, economics, etc. The church is a society superior to the state and must be subjected to it, as this does not prevent achieving an end.

The Individual: In relations between the individual and the state, all sorts of things are kept, and since the individual is part of the state, laws should be ordered to the common good. Man is not simply a member of the state but a human being who must tend toward the supernatural end. The state's sovereignty is not absolute but is limited.

• By Natural Law: The sovereign has to legislate, apply, and define natural law, because natural precepts are

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Kant's Theory of Knowledge in Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason presents a foundational theory of knowledge, marking a significant development in epistemology—the branch of philosophy concerned with human knowledge. Kant proposes a revolutionary idea: instead of our knowledge conforming to objects, objects must conform to our cognitive structures. This is often called his "Copernican Revolution" in philosophy.

The Faculties of Cognition: Sensibility and Understanding

Kant identifies two primary faculties involved in human cognition:

• Sensibility: The passive faculty through which objects are given to us via sensations. Its operations are called intuitions. For Kant, intuition is always sensory, never purely intellectual.

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