Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Types of Sentences with Relative Pronouns

1. Defining Clauses

   These clauses provide essential information and cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. For example: "Ximon is one of the students who got sick."

   In defining clauses, the relative pronoun can be omitted if it is the object of the verb (not the subject).

2. Non-Defining Clauses

   These clauses provide extra information and can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. For example: "Ximon, who got sick, is a good student."

Relative Pronouns and Prepositions

1. Informal Style

   The relative pronoun comes before the preposition. For example: "The person who I spoke to..."

2. Formal Style

   The preposition comes before the relative

Using "To" for Purpose and More

We use "to" to express the purpose of an action:

• I phoned the restaurant to reserve a table.

Common phrases where "to" indicates purpose or suitability:

• A place to park
• Something to eat
• Work to do

Example: Would you like something to eat? (meaning: something that you can eat)

"To" is also used with nouns like money, time (e.g., days), opportunity, energy, and courage:

• I need a few days to think about your proposal.

Understanding "For" in English Grammar

We use "for" + noun:

• We stopped for petrol.

Contrast this with "to" + verb:

• We stopped to get petrol.

You can also use "for somebody to do something":

• There wasn't any chair for us to sit on.

For general purpose or general use, we use "for" + gerund (-ing):

• I use this for washing.

A Typical Day in My Life

I get up at eight o'clock in the morning. I go to school by car. I study and I always write in my notebooks. I sometimes have lunch in a cafeteria, and I attend my classes in the afternoon. I finish school at four o'clock. On Mondays and Wednesdays, I go to the swimming pool. I arrive home at six o'clock and I have dinner. I often watch TV in the evening, and I don't play computer games. I usually go to sleep at eleven o'clock.

Discovering Barcelona: A Beautiful City

Barcelona is one of the biggest cities in Spain. It is a very beautiful city, and it has many interesting places to visit. The cathedral is in the old city center, and next to it, there are lots of streets full of shops. There, people buy souvenirs and clothes....

Enhance your understanding of common English words and phrases with this comprehensive list of terms and their clear definitions. Perfect for language learners and anyone looking to improve their vocabulary.

Plaster

A hard, white substance that protects broken bones.

Survey

A study.

Abroad

In a foreign country.

Actually

In fact.

Advertisements

Commercials.

Argue

Angrily telling someone you disagree.

Bargain

Something whose cost is significantly lower than its value.

Bargain Hunter

A person who looks for special offers to buy.

Be Aware Of

To know about something.

Blood Pressure

The pressure with which blood flows around the body.

Breaking News

The most recent news.

Broadcast

To send out a program on television or radio.

Broadsheet

Serious newspapers.

Browse

To look for

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + present simple, ... present simple

First Conditional

If + present simple, ... will + infinitive

Second Conditional

If + past simple, ... would + infinitive

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle

The Passive Voice (Active/Passive)

Present Simple

Active: The waiter serves the customers.

Passive: The customers are served by the waiter.

Present Continuous

Active: The waiter is serving the customers.

Passive: The customers are being served by the waiter.

Past Simple

Active: The waiter served the customers.

Passive: The customers were served by the waiter.

Past Continuous

Active: The waiter was serving the customers.

Passive: The customers were being served by the waiter.

Present Perfect Simple

Active:...

Unit 8 Test

Vocabulary and Grammar, Page 11

1. sweet tooth 6. source

2. shelf life 7. bland

3. gone off 8. health-conscious

4. adequate 9. staple

5. sweetener 10. edible

2. 1. to 2. as 3. on 4. for 5. with

3. 1. food for thought 2. eat humble pie 3. don’t bite off more than you can chew 4. put all your eggs in one basket 5. are not my cup of tea

Page 24

1. were used to 4. so

2. nor 5. would

3. had better

5. Accept all logical and grammatically correct answers.

6. 1. going 6. if

2. have 7. must

3. which / that 8. such

4. had / got 9. get

5. should / must 10. so

Unit 8 Test Level 2

Vocabulary and Grammar, Page 11

1. changed my mind 6. shelf life

2. run out of 7. raw

3. gone off 8. shortage

4. sweet tooth 9. treat

5. health-conscious 10. source

2. 1. live up to 4. get...

Verb Tenses

Conditionals

Passive

Tom's Unexpected Reunion with a Friend

Tom was returning from vacation, having been in France, and he lived in a small town in Germany. He lived alone, as he had recently become independent from his parents. Tom was nervous, but he remembered that he had his phone and wallet in his jacket. He decided to sit on a bench at the train station and contemplate how to find his suitcase.

After some time pondering, he recalled that he had placed his home address, "Mittenwald Street, 27", in the zipper of his suitcase. Tom decided to retrieve the suitcase he had mistakenly taken and walked home, hoping that the other person would return his suitcase. A few hours later, someone knocked on his door. He quickly opened it and found a tall blonde girl whose...

Some decide to study abroad because they think is better and they learn more, but this is true?

Firstly, go to study in another country is better because you learn a new language, new cultures and you meet people very different from you. Furthermore you learn differently than in your country and this is cool.

Secondly, study abroad is bad because you miss your family and you get used to an environment that is not yours.

In conclusion, I believe that it is better to study in another country to live a unique experience

Lazarillo de Tormes: A Picaresque Masterpiece

Lazarillo de Tormes is one of the most important works of Spanish literature, credited with opening a new subgenre: the picaresque novel.

The narrative takes the form of a pseudo-autobiographical account from a character of humble origins, Lázaro, who leaves his early family environment to serve many masters. The protagonist possesses a roguish character and a strong desire to thrive. Picaresque stories typically attempt to explain a final state of dishonor.

Literary Influences and Sources

The Golden Ass

This work responds to the structure of the novel of manners and adventure, influencing the organization of the story and the nature of the protagonist: a servant of many masters. However, Lázaro does...