Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

The Romantic Revolution and Its Principles

Romanticism is an artistic, political, social, and ideological revolution that remains important today, as it is still home to many of its core principles: freedom, individualism, democracy, and nationalism. Between 1770 and 1800, "absolutist Europe slept and rose democratic, neoclassical, and romantic."

This shift was fueled by several key historical events:

• The English Industrial Revolution (1760–1840): Developed a middle class and laid the foundations of liberalism.
• The French Revolution (1789): Proclaimed the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• The American Revolution (1776): Its Declaration of Independence made human rights the center, establishing a republic and the people as the only

Naturalism: Extreme Realism in 19th-Century Literature

Naturalism is a literary movement considered an "extreme realism." It emerged in France in the second half of the nineteenth century and extended to several European countries.

Core Characteristics of Naturalism

Themes and Philosophy

• Human beings are determined by their genetic heritage and social environment.
• It holds a materialist conception of the human self.
• Consequently, the naturalist novel focuses on describing life-degrading circumstances.
• The primary purpose of Naturalism is to denounce social injustice.

Narrative Techniques

Naturalist objectivism is based on observation and documentation to describe characters and environments. Key techniques include:

• Use of abundant scientific lexicon.

Catalan Consonant Articulation

Place of Articulation

The place of articulation refers to the specific point in the mouth where the articulatory organs come into contact or close to modify the flow of exhaled air.

Mode of Articulation

The mode of articulation describes how the airflow is modified when air is expelled from the lungs to produce sound.

Vocal Cord Behavior

The behavior of the vocal cords determines whether the articulation occurs with or without the vibration of the vocal cords.

Consonant Classification

Consonants can be classified based on:

• Place of Articulation: Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatal, Velar.
• Mode of Articulation: Plosives (Stops), Fricatives, Affricates, Nasals, Laterals, Vibrants.
• Vocal Cord Behavior: Voiced or

Avant-Garde Movements: These aesthetic movements, prevalent in Europe earlier this century, rejected the principles of the society in which they lived and existing literary models. The avant-gardes were based on this sense of rebellion. The following movements were key:

• Parnassianism: Originating in France, it called for formal perfection and aestheticism.
• Symbolism: It proposed capturing the essence of things, what they hide beneath their appearance.
• Impressionism: A fruitful movement in the pictorial arts, it played with the impression that reality causes in humans.
• Decadence: Associated with the decay at the end of the century, it showed a predilection for exquisite/refined environments.

General Characteristics of Baroque Sculpture

General characteristics are expressed mainly in religious images representing aesthetics recharged with human suffering. The most common typologies of images include reredos (altarpieces) and processional sculptures.

Materials and Techniques

The most used material is polychrome wood. The technique of estofado (gilded wood) consists of covering the surface of the statue with gold leaf sheets.

The Spanish Schools of Sculpture

The Castilian School

The Castilian sculpture of the first half of the seventeenth century is deeply realistic and dramatic, showing figures that reflect pain in order to move the spectator. The great figure of this school is Gregorio Fernández, known for works such as the altarpiece...

Key Concepts & Artistic Movements

Historical & Economic Concepts Defined

Armed Peace

A state of tension where countries maintain prepared military forces but are not in active war.

Taylorism

A system of scientific work organization aimed at increasing efficiency through task division and control.

Fordism

A mass production model based on standardization and the assembly line to manufacture goods quickly.

Combustion Engine

A machine that generates motion by burning fuel to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy.

Imperialism

A policy of expansion and domination by one country over other territories for economic and political control.

Metropole

A central city or country that politically controls a colony or dependent territory.

Protectorate

A

The Iceberg Model of Organizational Culture

The Iceberg Model of culture is a framework for measuring an organization's culture. This model helps assess the extent to which an organization's cultural values align with its objectives and resolve performance issues. While some aspects of culture are easily perceived from the outside—often referred to as surface culture—the foundation of a strong culture is usually embedded more deeply in the values and beliefs of the organization, known as deep culture.

• Surface Culture: Visible aspects such as the work environment, dress code, systems, policies, and processes.
• Deep Culture: Underlying elements including shared beliefs, attitudes toward authority, competence, and core assumptions.

The Lewis Model

Film Vocabulary

Key Terms

• Director
• Stuntman/woman
• Stunt
• Film star
• Script
• Star in a film
• Special effects
• Producer
• Plot
• Soundtrack
• Win an award
• Release a film
• Film a scene
• Screen

Grammar: Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + base verb (e.g., Most films will probably be 3D.)
• Future with going to: is/are going to + base verb (e.g., James Cameron is going to release 3D versions of some old films.)

Vocabulary: Action Verbs

• Suggest
• Develop
• Equip
• Predict
• Advertise
• Educate
• Enjoy
• Possess
• Argue
• Decorate
• Connect
• Excite
• Inform
• Compete

Grammar: First Conditional

If + present simple, will + base verb (e.g., If I win, they will let me go to film school.)

Social Etiquette

Vocabulary: Social Interactions

• Bring a present
• Be late
• Click your fingers
• Interrupt a conversation
• Jump a queue
• Tell jokes
• Arrive

Attitudes in lyrics correspond to the mood of the poet and can be mainly three:

• Attitude Point: The lyrical speaker captures something external, internalizes it, and expresses it in a narrative or descriptive manner, trying to maintain objectivity.
• Apostrophe: The poet addresses an external entity directly, creating intensity and drama. The lyrical speaker moves between subjective and objective perspectives.
• Carmina or Lyric Song: This is the attitude of excellence, where the poet expresses their inner soul with subjectivity prevailing.

Literary Figures

Literary figures are resources used to transform language in poetry. They give language elasticity and evocative power, expressing new meanings beyond the referential.

Figures of Speech

• Hyperbaton

Spanish Literary Movements: Generation of '98, '27, Realism, and Naturalism

The Generation of '98 traditionally grouped writers, essayists, and poets who were affected by the moral crisis and social policies following the defeat of Spain in the Hispanic-American War.

Inspired by the regenerationism advocated by Cánovas' critics, the Generation of '98 offered an artistic vision. Pedro Salinas critiqued this generation. The authors maintained a close friendship and opposed Restoration Spain.

They distinguished between a real, miserable Spain and an official, seemingly false Spain.

They had great interest in and love for Castile, including its miserable, dusty, and abandoned villages.

The Generation of '27

The Generation of '27 was a constellation...