Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Realism: A Shift in Worldview (1850 Onwards)

Realism emerged as a reaction against Romanticism, replacing its idealism with a focus on observable reality. The movement was driven by several key factors:

1. Positivism

A philosophical theory asserting that humans must dispense with theological and metaphysical concerns, focusing instead on external reality ascertainable by the senses.

2. Exaltation of Science

Everything must be based on demonstrable facts. This shift gave rise to two new novelistic genres:

• Detective Fiction: Exemplified by Sherlock Holmes.
• Science Fiction: Popularized by the works of Jules Verne.

3. Determinism

The belief that humans are not entirely free, but are subject to social circumstances and biological inheritance.

4. Society and

Realism in 19th Century Literature

Realism emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century as a response to significant social and economic changes.

During this period, the bourgeoisie became the ruling class, while workers began to organize to demand better working and social conditions. This shift fostered a more realistic literature, as Romanticism failed to address these new social realities. Authors soon adopted an objective view of the world.

Realists viewed the novel as the most suitable genre for their purposes, as it could represent society in a truthful manner. Since their readers were primarily bourgeois, authors focused heavily on that social class.

Realist writers were heavily influenced by two philosophical currents: empiricism and

The Renaissance: The Age of Humanism

The social and cultural transformation of the 15th and 16th centuries is called the Renaissance.

Essential Features

• Humanism
• Current cultural trends

Basic Characteristics

• Care for human beings
• Inspired by literature, philosophy, and art of the past
• Search for truth through reason and experience

Media of Humanism

Printing

Gutenberg's invention around 1440 allowed for the publishing of many books, eliminating the need to hand-copy each specimen.

Academies

Academies served as meeting places for scholars to develop and disseminate humanistic studies.

The Scientific Development

The desire to investigate and learn the fundamentals incentivized the development of humanistic sciences.

16th Century Figures

• Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentric

Lope de Vega's Poetic and Theatrical Legacy

Lope de Vega wrote countless poems. He wrote popular-type compositions (ballads, carols) and engaged in nature worship (sonnets, especially). Vega's poetry is, in general, vital, spontaneous, and simple. The theater was the most innovative and successful genre in the seventeenth century. The tastes and demands of the public prompted Lope to renovate the Spanish theater of the time. In his "New Art of Making Comedies," he established the patterns of New Comedy:

• A mixture of the tragic and the comic in the same work: This mixture provided greater variety and animation to the work.
• Rupture of the rule of three unities: Humanists had decided that a play should be confined to a single action (unity of action)

The Evolution of 19th-Century Literature: Realism to Naturalism

In the final decades of the 19th century, Realism evolved into Naturalism, a movement strongly influenced by the French author Émile Zola. Naturalism's tenets led to an extreme form of realism, proposing the application of scientific principles to literature. For Zola, individuals are a product of genetic inheritance and social circumstances: family and environment condition the individual, determining their very being. In works like Thérèse Raquin and The Proprietress, Zola aimed to expose the most sordid aspects of reality. Spanish writers of the time (Emilia Pardo Bazán, Benito Pérez Galdós, Clarín, and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez) rejected Zola's genetic determinism but incorporated...

Photography and Film: Definition and Origins

Photography - A procedure for recording images based traditionally on the impression created by the light reflecting off objects in the film within a camera.

Films - A procedure to capture a sequence of images very quickly so that when reproduced, it gives the sensation of movement.

Technicalities of Photography I

We can say that the camera and the human eye are similar in many respects. In the process of vision, light reflects off objects.

• The frame - Refers to the piece of reality you want to photograph and select through the viewfinder of the camera.
• The approach - To capture an object, it is clearly necessary to properly place the camera lens.
• The depth of field - Is smaller the closer and more focused

Realism and Naturalism in Literature

In the second half of the 19th century, Europe experienced significant political, social, and economic development. The bourgeoisie consolidated its power as a class. Philosophy focused on strictly observing reality, and literary writers sought to understand and reflect this reality. Thus, Realism emerged.

Realism

Features of Realism

• Focus: Primarily on the bourgeoisie.
• Objectivity: The novel mirrors the reality of the time.
• Style: Simple and clear prose. Characters' speech reflects their social class.
• Social Criticism: Often critiques the opportunistic and greedy bourgeoisie. Stories may feature a noble character who fails.
• Detailed Portrayal: Environments and characters' nature are accurately described.
  • Environment

Prescriptive:
- Definition: texts that regulate or guide the behavior of the receiver to the conduct of an activity or task.
- Types: 1 policy: set rules or regas. 2nd instructive: offer ways to accomplish something (recipes, instructions manual ...)
- Structure: + goal obejito pursued. (May appear in the title or 1st paragraph)
+ program: A set of rules or instructions to be followed. These rules can be expressed in chronological order or importance.
- Language: 1 - you can combine the verbal with the visual code.
2 - expressions which determine the order (in 1st place, then fed ...)
3 - formulas that express mandate.

REALISM:
-Definition: literary movement developed during the 2nd half of the nineteenth century that are intended...

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, Realism evolved into Naturalism, largely driven by the French novelist Émile Zola. Zola posited that humans were products of heredity and social circumstances, leading him to depict the more sordid and raw aspects of reality in his works.

Key Narrative Techniques of Naturalism

• Scientific Method: Writers aspired to present reality using the scientific method. This approach allowed them to analyze society and family dynamics, determining behavior based on environmental and hereditary factors. Descriptions were often stark, portraying even the cruel and harsh aspects of life without softening.
• Objective Narrator: The narrator was typically disembodied, striving for objectivity and impersonality.
• Fleshed-

Indigenismo: Social and Economic Factors in Literature

The current indigenous natives should not be exclusively literary factors, but rather social and economic factors. The Indian appears as a character in literature for their demographic dominance and their social and economic prostration. However, the Indian is an excuse to talk about a much greater occurrence in the development of themes that highlight their problems. This differed from realism, which was not limited to the objective presentation of the characters and underlined the social environment as a determiner of character, but also excited subjective aspects of individual human beings. Some people also felt that the Indians had traditionalist features; however, Indianism does not...