Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Personality Traits and Descriptive Adjectives

• Active
• Ambitious
• Cheerful - Alegre
• Confident - Confiado
• Curious
• Determined
• Friendly
• Generous
• Innocent
• Intelligent
• Intolerant
• Mean
• Practical - Práctico
• Sensible
• Sensitive
• Serious
• Shy - Tímido
• Tolerant

Verbs of Communication and Emotion

• Boast - Presumir
• Chat - Hablar
• Complain - Quejarse
• Cry - Llorar
• Hug - Abrazar
• Joke - Bromear
• Laugh - Reírse
• Shout - Gritar
• Smile - Sonreír
• Stare - Mirar fijamente
• Sulk - Enfadarse
• Tease - Vacilar

Television Vocabulary

TV Programmes and Genres

• Advert - Anuncio
• Cartoon
• Documentary
• Drama Series
• Film
• Game Show / Quiz Show / Reality Show
• Sitcom - Serie de comedia
• Sports Programme
• Talent Show

General TV Terms

• Audience - Audiencia
• Broadcast - Emisión
• Camera
• Channel
• Episode
• Participant
• Presenter
• Programme - Programa
• Remote

Marketing Fundamentals and Definitions

What is Market Segmentation?

It is the division of the prospective market into different groups according to age, sex, social status, buying capability, and so on.

What items make up a Company Marketing Plan?

A marketing plan typically includes:

• Product conception and development
• Promotion
• Pricing
• Packaging

When does Market Research take place?

It takes place when manufacturers need to offer customers exactly what they want.

Which are the Traditional Means of Advertising?

Traditional advertising media include:

• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Radio
• TV
• Hoardings (Billboards)
• Leaflets
• Brochures

What is the Task of Advertising?

It is to inform the public that a certain product is available and to persuade them to buy that product and not...

The Rise of Humanism and New Discoveries

The Humanist Movement

Humanists were inspired by the literature, philosophy, and art of antiquity. Humanism defended the search for truth through reason and experience. Humanists were curious about everything.

The Printing Press Revolution

In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. Books no longer had to be copied by hand. They became cheaper, and so more were sold. As a result, humanist thought reached more people.

A New View of the Universe

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory. This maintained that the Sun was the centre of the universe and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it. This contrasted with the geocentric theory, which maintained...

Elements of Communication

• Transmitter: Transmits the information, prepares and sends a message to the recipient.
• Message: Sequence of signs that the issuer prepares and sends to the caller.
• Recipient: The ideal receiver to receive the signal.
• Receiver: Receives the message and interprets it.
• Channel: Physical medium by which the message is interpreted.
• Code: A set of signs and rules used by the sender to create the message.
• Situation or Context: Circumstances or events affecting how the transmitter and receiver understand the message.

Forms of Communication

Verbal communication (signs are the words) / nonverbal (without words, gestures, etc.).

Description of Characters

Physical, psychological portrait.

Description of Space

Location: Place where the action...

Realism from Author Miguel de Cervantes

Main Realistic Writers

• José María de Pereda
• Benito Pérez Galdós
• Juan Valera
• Well-known novelists
• Balzac and Flaubert
• Fernán Caballero

Special Features of Realism and Customs

Novel Features

• Observation of characters by the author before writing
• The prevalence of long descriptions
• A shortage of narrative
• Colloquial registers reflecting the environment described
• An attempt at objective descriptions
• A natural and simple style

Exaltation of Science

The man of the time will trust the almost unlimited power of science as a response to the great questions of life.

Literary Realism

Literary Realism marked a break with Romanticism, both ideologically and formally. Writers ceased to focus on themselves and focused their attention...

Radio

Radio is a social media platform based on words and sounds.

Features

• Messages are perceived instantly through the ear.
• Radio is fleeting and ephemeral.
• It uses sound resources like voice, music, sound effects, and silence to stimulate the listener's imagination.
• Its audience is diverse and vast.
• Radio aims to deliver news quickly and entertain through various programs.

Functions of Language

• Representative: Messages reflect reality and report events.
• Persuasive: Messages aim to influence listeners' opinions.
• Aesthetic: Programs present artistic content.

Radio Broadcasts

• News:
  • Flash/News Brief: Reports on recent events.
  • Scheduled Bulletin: Summarizes important news.
  • Discussion: A group analyzes the day's top news stories.
• Variety Shows: Long-form programs

Neoclassicism vs. Romanticism: A Comparison

Neoclassicism

• Defends the power of reason.
• Man participates in a collective project of progress.
• Generates vital optimism.
• Art seeks balance.
• Art and literature have a didactic function, promoting values.

Romanticism

• Defends feeling and subjectivity.
• Man reaffirms individuality and freedom.
• Contrast between ideal and reality creates pessimism and angst.
• Art seeks new forms of expression for human passions.
• Art has a subversive intent.

The Romantic Lyric

Key Themes

• Love: Idealized yet often tragic.
• Existence: Life is pure agony; the poet lives in a world that doesn't suit them, leading to sadness, loneliness, and suicide.
• Freedom: A fight against all rules and oppression, including the defense of patriotism as a territory

The Renaissance: Definition and Origin

The Renaissance is considered one of the most important cultural periods of mankind. It started to develop in Italy around 1400.

Application and Key Features

Renaissance principles were applied in the decoration of:

• Chapels and churches
• Atlases and books

General Features

The period perfected the effects of light and shadow and achieved a more accurate representation of volume and dimension.

Characteristics of Renaissance Painting

• Use of emotive expressions
• Freedom in the composition
• Accuracy in the details

Key Figures of the Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci: The Universal Genius

Da Vinci represents the ideal of the universal man due to his mastery of different areas of knowledge. As a painter, he focused on studying the...

Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez

Work: Las Meninas (1656).
Author: Diego Velázquez (1599–1660).
Support: The surface on which the artwork is done; it can be canvas or cloth, table, wall, or roof. In this case, it was painted on a canvas.

Technical Characteristics

• Color: Color stains are applied with a loose brush.
• Realism: The figures are treated as everyday people. There is also great care in representing objects, including translating the movement of the wheel.
• Expressiveness: Avoiding exaggerated dramatic gestures and focusing on normal attitudes.
• PS: Leave the wheel.

Technique and Style

There are three main groups of techniques:

• Fresco painting: Pigments diluted in water.
• Tempera: Pigments diluted in egg white.
• Oil painting: Pigments are diluted with

Argumentative Texts: Structure and Techniques

An argumentative text is one that presents certain ideas through reasoning.

Argumentar: To provide reasons to advocate for an opinion.

The ultimate objective of an argument is to convince others of our ideas about a given subject. What distinguishes an argumentative text from an explanation is, therefore, the intention of the person generating it.

Structure

Follow a logical order to ensure proper understanding of the expressed ideas:

• Introducción (Introduction): Introduces the topic and captures interest.
• Exposición de la tesis (Thesis Statement): Argumentative texts often contain an explanatory part setting out the fundamental idea.
• Argumentación (Argumentation): Justifies the thesis (main idea) with