Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Reading Fundamentals

Reading is an interactive process between reader and author. Main features: Prior knowledge.

Reading Strategies

Strategies include attention, comprehension, observation, and analysis to identify symbols and construct meaning.

Types of Reading

• Evasion: Develops imagination, desires, and illusions.
• Literary: Analyzes semantic sense, beauty, and style.
• Semantic: Analyzes everything regarding the word.
• Informative: Provides news and initial data for further study.
• Cognitive: Driven by a deep desire to know more; it is disciplined and develops scholarly knowledge.

Editorial Writing

Editorial is the action expressed through the written word regarding events or opinions. Principal features: Originality, clarity, unambiguous language, and...

Globalization and Internationalization

The globalization we are living in is an ongoing process of internationalization, and this process will call for a more connected world known as globalization. We are fundamentally more independent. This globalization process occurs in developed countries. Consequently, there is an anti-globalization movement. Tension, happiness, and justice are part of globalization; economic progress has led to a debate between what is and what can be done regarding the moral possibilities of the technique.

The Concept of Technical Activities

The technical activities. The term technique comes from Greek and means an activity directly based on an extensive knowledge of rules to produce a concrete product. There are many...

La Celestina: Textual History and Evolution

The first edition of La Celestina appeared in 1499 in Burgos, titled Comedy of Calisto and Melibea, and consisted of sixteen acts, each preceded by an argument or abstract. Soon after, in 1502, a new version of 21 acts was printed under the title of Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea. This edition includes a foreword in which the author justifies the interpolation of five new acts at the request of readers who pressed him to prolong the prose. The strength of the character of the pimp eventually led the work to be known as The Matchmaker.

Core Themes

The work addresses three major themes of the decline of the Middle Ages: love, fortune, and death. The perspective of the author overwhelms these issues...

Patriarchy

Patriarchy is the treatment of women throughout the ages. It dictates their future and success in life. It not only defines how society functions but also how it controls women. Patriarchy is best defined as control by men. Women fight for rights and to survive without the power and domination of men. It has roots in Christianity and the family.

Noble Savage

Noble Savage is a literary device that affirms the basic tenet of the goodness of mankind.

Pathetic Fallacy

Pathetic Fallacy is a term used to describe the attribution of animate or human characteristics and feelings to inanimate objects of nature. It is said that these are 'false' descriptions of nature. This term is now commonly used to describe any developed or impassioned personification....

Visual Encoding Factors and Image Language

Visual encoding factors establish the correspondence between reality and the represented set. Understanding the language of images helps us analyze, interpret meanings, and apply them effectively when creating images, audiovisual content, and multimedia.

Key Visual Codes

• Code of Space (Framing): The same reality can be reflected through infinite framings. An author chooses a specific framing or distortion for objectivity, realism, or deliberate deception.
• Code of Gestures: Gestures reveal attitude, mood, intention, stillness, or uneasiness.
• Code of Light: This includes the amount of light, its nature (natural or artificial), and the degree of impact it has on the scenic elements or subjects.
• Code of Identity/

Psychological Dimensions of the Self

The self is perceived psychologically through several key dimensions:

• Unit: The self provides unity to different functions or capabilities.
• Uniqueness: The self is perceived as distinct and different from all other selves.
• Continuity: The self is perceived as a constant presence.
• Intimacy: The self is internally observable through introspection.
• Activity: The self is perceived as an active agent.
• Seasonality: The self is located within the flow of time.

The Role of Society in Identity

Society is crucial for creating our identity. Society appears to us through the alternative of the "other." The "I" always arises in relationship with the other. Perceiving a person is fundamentally different from perceiving an object;...

Mass Media: Channels of Information Transmission

Mass media channels transmit information of general interest to the public.

Primary Media Channels

• Radio: Auditory means (spoken word, music).
• Television (TV): Audiovisual medium, often incorporating written language and high-fidelity sound.
• Internet: The most recent medium, transmitting written, graphic, and multimedia information.
• Graphic Media (Print): Uses writing and illustrations (e.g., newspapers, magazines).

Key Characteristics and Functions of Media

Essential Media Characteristics

• Immediacy: Providing information in real-time, focusing on current events.
• Universality: Collecting and disseminating worldwide news.
• Diversity: Nearly any subject can become the object of media coverage.

Primary Media

Items 6 and 7: Romanticism and the Cultural Revival

Romanticism was the result of socioeconomic and cultural changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. Culture ceased to be the exclusive property of privileged social groups; the press reached a wide circulation and became more independent from the editorial office. Romanticism postulated principles opposed to classicism.

Ideological Principles of Romanticism

• Individualism and subjectivism: The affirmation of the personality of the individual "I".
• Defense of inspiration: The creative power of instinct and freedom.
• The romantic spirit: Characterized by dissatisfaction, nostalgia, and yearnings.
• Fantasy: Everything must be surrounded by magic and fantasy.
• Medieval

Poetic Forms and Metrics

Consonant Rhyme (Rima Consonante)

From the last stressed syllable, the termination phonetics are the same; it is a consonant rhyme where consonant and vowel phonemes match.

Romance

A strophic poem with rhyming assonance, usually consisting of eight-syllable lines, where the assonance usually occurs in pairs.

Villancico (Carol)

Consists of a chorus (2 or 3 lines) and moving parts (back link verses 6, 7, 8) with the repetition of the chorus or part of the eight-syllable variants.

Cuaderna Vía

Four Alexandrine verses with rhyme, usually a consonant; it is the mester de clerecía (mastery of clergy).

Soleá Andaluza

Three lines of minor art; the first and third have assonance and rhyme, while the second is usually loose.

Literary

The Origins of Islamic Art

The art of Islam is deeply tied to religion and begins with the preaching of Muhammad in Arabia in the early 7th century. Muslims believe in one God, Allah, and revere the holy book, the Koran. Because Islamic art is iconoclastic, the written word is prioritized over figurative imagery.

Islamic Art in the Iberian Peninsula

Muslim art in the Iberian Peninsula flourished from the 8th to the 15th centuries in the territories known as Al-Andalus. This period evolved through several distinct stages:

• Independent Emirate
• Caliphate (the stage of splendor)
• Taifa kingdoms
• Invasions from North Africa
• Nazarite Kingdom

The Islamic period coincided with the rise of Christian peninsular kingdoms, which developed their own artistic styles,...