Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Journalistic Texts

The Media Landscape

We live in a society where raw information, technical advances, and competition among media outlets are the reasons we are so well-informed. The model of the journalistic message chosen by the issuer, the available channels, and the target audience determine the nature and formal characteristics of the articles.

Information and Media Transmitters

The most important transmitters include:

• Radio: Uses an auditory code and is the quickest medium. Technology allows for the instantaneous transmission of facts and direct intervention. It utilizes simple language supported by intonation and linguistic elements. Information is usually brief and repetitive, often accompanied by opinions.
• Television: While it offers the

Linguistic Registers

Linguistic registers vary based on context and formality:

• Informal/Colloquial: General theme, daily use, oral channel, subjective intentionality, low formality. Often involves discussion and avoidance of known roots, colloquialisms. Generally denotative of language.
• Formal Standard: Generally oral or written, objective, medium to high formality. Avoids colloquialisms. Denotative language.
  • Written: Newspapers, signs, notices, informative texts.
  • Oral: News media, etc.
• Scientific/Technical: Specialized, written or oral, objective, high enunciative level. Uses symbols, jargon (monosemantic terms), and roots (Greek or Latin elements) or Anglicisms. Denotative language only.
  • Written: Journal articles, technical reports, theses.
  • Oral:

Features of the Esperpento

The Esperpento. The word "grotesque" was popularly used with meanings of "extravagance" and "ugliness." Valle-Inclán (VI) uses it to refer to his theater. The esperpento is defined given the situation of the characters, unable to reach the height of tragedy, and how ridiculous they are in their situation.

The theory about the new genre appears in scene XII. In it, the main character says, "Our tragedy is not a tragedy." Tragedy is a genre too noble for the surrounding landscape. And from the impossibility of tragedy comes the *esperpento*. The nature of this *aesthetic deformans* is illustrated with reference to the concave mirrors that decorated the facade of a shop on Cat Street in Madrid.

In an interview in 1928,...

Defining Catalan Modernisme

Modernisme is a cultural and artistic movement from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that spanned all areas of art. It is understood as the will to transform Catalan culture into a modern, national culture. Modernists believed that Catalan culture would not regain the originality it lost to Castilian patterns during the Decadence, which were also behind the rest of Europe. Therefore, they revolted against Spanish culture and the Renaixença (the Catalan Revival), especially the ideas of Romanticism, which they considered stale and conservative. They declared themselves partisans of Realism and Naturalism.

The movement represented a rupture or confrontation between the artist and society—an act of...

Are the dominant genres of comedy and drama escape political or ideological, two trends that are maintained in the subsequent stage. The theater comedy: humor intellectualized; Jardiel Poncela is a novelist and playwright. His theater is based on a nonsensical humor, ironic, unsentimental, futuristic, avant-garde roots. Conceives of drama as the realm of absurd situations implausible chains with atypical characters and humorous dialogues very intellectualized that foreshadow a critical view of reality. Heloise is under an almond / Miguel Mihura wrote plays and screenplays. His humor is based on the dislocation of language. Exhibits a different vision of society free from prejudice characters and marginal, faced with a world corny and conventional,...

1. Quadre de Costums (Customs Literature)

Literature about the customs of a community, usually those that were about to disappear. This genre employed a two-pronged approach: nostalgic and critical. The intent, as seen with Robert, was to denounce the unreasonable behavior of society, often with a humoristic tone.

From the standpoint of atmosphere, two main types emerged:

• Urban Frame (Quadre Urbà): More rebellious and critical, exemplified by R. Robert.
• Rural Frame (Quadre de Masia): More conservative and nostalgic.

It was important to incorporate reality into literature, especially in the urban frame, which was far from the idyllic and distorted vision of Romanticism.

2. The Romantic Novel

The finest example is The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe....

Gothic Art Chronology

Gothic art follows a distinct chronological progression. The Protogothic style arose in the second half of the 12th century within the Île-de-France cathedrals. This was followed by Classic Gothic during the 13th and 14th centuries, which featured variations such as the Southern Levantine style. Finally, Late Gothic emerged in the 15th century, characterized by highly ornamental developments.

Architectural Features and Origins

Gothic architecture is defined by immaterial elements such as light, height, and proportionality, all deeply rooted in religious significance. As a symbol of the Christian Church, the cathedral acted as a scientific and technological engine for the economy. These buildings of Christian worship typically...

Characterization Techniques in Drama

At this point, the actor employs several techniques: characterization indirectly by the self, by actions and words, stage movement, and objects.

Indirect Characterization

This occurs through a character who discusses the attitude and behavior of another to advance the plot or help complete our perception of them. A prime example is the characterization of Bernarda before she even appears on stage.

Autodefinition of Characters

The character speaks about themselves, such as when a character describes their own perceived weaknesses or physical traits.

Characterization Through Action, Words, and Movement

Lorca creates characters with highly identifiable movements that reflect their personalities:

• Bernarda: Her inflexible

Narrative Discourse Elements

Structure of Narrative

The Narrative Sequence

The narrative discourse consists of a series of events, real or imagined.

• Themes: Narrated real-life events, but these changes are irrelevant (they look real even though they are not).
• Structure:
  • Closed: Approach and denouement respecting the chronological development of the facts. Can have alterations:
    • a) In medias res: Begin the story by events that should be counted on.
    • b) Begin with the outcome (contemporary novel).
  • Open: The story unfolds without a plan outlined previously, called juxtaposition of episodes.

Personality and Characterization

Without personality, action is possible.

• Creation: They represent an idea; others are the taming of the being and thinking of the author.

Basic Thesis of Creationist Theory

The basic thesis of the creationist theory is the creation of separate and final species and the creation of man by God in His image and likeness.

Fixist Course

It defends the unchanging character of all species over time.

Linnaeus and Cuvier

They considered that the adaptability of individuals to the environment is the result or product of intelligent design.

Lamarck's Theory

The environment changes, causing changes in the life systems and needs of living organisms. Changing needs cause changes in behavior to meet new needs. This leads to changes in the anatomical structure and/or physiology of living organisms. The acquired characteristics are inherited by descendants.

Paleontology

Paleontology is the science that...