Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Verb tenses and moods: The indicative use of this timeless, conditional (arguably...), and attenuated expressions (e.g., "we suggest..."). There is a solo verbal dominance of the third person to expose impersonality, as well as the use of the first person plural.

Adjectives and resources: Use of specified adjectives, descriptive and explanatory appositions, switches, and other resources.

Lexical-Semantic Characteristics

Scientific and technical texts are characterized by the use of specific terminology and the presence of semantic phenomena such as hyperonymy, hyponymy, synonymy, and antonymy. Technicalities are all expressions which are called own notions of an area of knowledge.

Types of Techniques

• By their origin: Words of ordinary language of

Italian Renaissance Painting

Space-Time Context

Between the 15th and 16th centuries.

Historical Context

Renaissance painting, bridging medieval and baroque art, reflects the revival of classical antiquity, the impact of humanism, new artistic techniques and sensibilities, and the transition from the medieval to the early modern age.

Key Periods

The Italian Renaissance is divided into two periods:

• The 15th century (Quattrocento): Florence is the cradle of Renaissance painting.
• The 16th century (Cinquecento/High Renaissance): Rome experiences the greatest artistic splendor.

General Characteristics

Renaissance painting sees the decline of the altarpiece, an emphasis on seniority and classical evocation, mastery of perspective, and the continuation of fresco...

Current Trends in Poetry, Narrative, Drama, and Essays

The Lyric

In the eighties, the main characteristics of Portuguese poetry involved a break with social-realismo, integrating elements of urban culture, a recovery of intimacy and eroticism, and an explicit concern for formalist baroque styles.

Notable representatives include:

• Manuel Villanueva: Mythic and symbolist, author of E direivos I mester of snakes.
• Paulino Vázquez: A culturalist baroque poet, author of Pebble to undo writes in his fingers.

Since the nineties, it has become more difficult to define common trends due to the individualistic nature of poets. However, some shared characteristics include the desbarroqización of language, the dominance of recitals, and the treatment of social...

Calderón de la Barca Theater

The theater of Calderón de la Barca introduced a dramatic style characterized, in general lines, by concision, technical enrichment, and the simplification of the plot.

Themes and Concerns

Themes became more complex, with works of both philosophical and religious nature. The philosophical theme outlines concerns such as life and death. Religious dramas present a sobering view: they depict dogma and the path of salvation. In relationships, the characters are often reduced to three archetypes: faith, love, and revenge.

Language and Style

The language is representative of the prevailing literary culteranismo and employs a wide range of stylistic devices to achieve formal beauty in the compositions. Calderón respected...

Characteristics of the National Comedy

The national comedy blends the tragic and the comic. It utilizes dramatic units, including scene changes and time management. It admitted two or three simultaneous actions if they led to the same outcome. The drama is divided into three acts, within which different categories are distinguished.

Decorum, Language, and Polymetry

Decorum refers to the fitness of behavior and language according to the conventions of a social role, which are related to verisimilitude. Lope de Vega required a language that was pure and chaste, and polymetry was frequently used. Predominant themes include honor and virtuous actions, often presenting the social conflicts of the time.

Archetypal Characters

• The Lady: A star who is beautiful

Structure and Characterization in The Holy Innocents

In The Holy Innocents, events are contingent on the characterization and shaping of the world of Azarías. The novel consists of six chapters, and each functions as an autonomous poetic narrative that does not need the other five to have a full sense (sentido pleno). The six chapters are divided into two very unequal parts. The first part includes the chapters: Azarías, Paco, el Bajo, La Milana, and El Secretario. The second part consists of The Accident and The Crime, which are books of a narrative nature.

Part One: The World of Azarías and Paco

Book One: Azarías and the Timeless Cycle

The first book presents Azarías and the cycle of timeless tasks. Delibes summarizes the character's entire...

Cohesion

Cohesion is the set of formal relations, based on grammatical rules, that govern the ordering and semantic dependence of the syntactic elements of a text. These elements are then used as the basis for the syntactic and lexical-semantic properties of the text.

Surface structuring is essential in any text, although it is not always the same for every text. All texts have internal cohesion and external cohesion, and both are inseparable. The internal structure and the formal structure are created throughout the entire text. Cohesion refers to the text as a whole: sentences and utterances are not isolated, unrelated units laid end to end, but related means that follow different grammatical relations.

Cohesion is achieved through the following...

Renaissance and the classical antiquity in Italy, fifteenth century. In Italy, medieval art did not carry over. Classicism was always present. The rebirth is an Italian art movement that stretches across Europe. It is difficult to locate the styles, as in Flanders in the fifteenth century arose a school different from the medieval. Van Eyck, linked to cultural Renaissance humanism, brought a new idea: anthropocentrism versus theocentrism. This movement recovers classical culture, which was replaced by the church's essence. From the economy, establishing the urges, which sponsors make us part of the political creation of new nation-states, divided into small regions. Florence, Italy, and Rome in the XV and XVI centuries saw the anonymity disappear...

The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern World

The Renaissance marked the transition from the medieval world to the modern era. Several events are often used to determine its start date:

• Discovery of America (1492)
• Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
• Gutenberg printing press (1440)

The Renaissance brought a new vision and a new way of conceiving the world and the human experience. Contributing factors included the discoveries of Columbus and other navigators, the new scientific theories of Copernicus—proposing that the Earth revolves around the Sun—and the rise of humanism, which was key to the cultural rebirth of the time.

Key Characteristics of the Renaissance

• Economic Shift: Implementation of a new economic system that gave rise to the bourgeoisie.