Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Biography and Principal Works of Miguel Delibes

Miguel Delibes' life was deeply connected to the newspaper El Norte de Castilla. He also served as a professor of commercial law. His personality traits heavily influenced his literary themes: his fondness for hunting, his love of nature, his passion for travel, and his loyalty to his roots led him to denounce the depopulation and poverty of Castile.

Key Works

• It Happens in Each: An attempt at restoration.
• Idolized My Son: A focus on education.
• The Way: A reflection on rural childhood.
• Five Hours with Mario: A widow's soliloquy before her husband's coffin.
• The Holy Innocents: A critique of the degradation of the poor, exploited by their masters.
• The Heretic: A work regarding the Church.

Structure of The

The Morphology of the Noun: Nominal Structure

Noun Structure: Determinant + Nucleus + Adjacent

• Determinant: Article (indefinite: a), Determiner (demonstrative, possessive, numeral), Indefinite, Interrogative, Exclamatory.
• Nucleus: Noun, infinitive, pronoun, preposition, subordinate clause.
• Adjacent: Adjectival Phrase (S), Prepositional Phrase (S. Prepositional), Noun Phrase (SN), subordinate clauses.

Noun Gender (Genero)

• Motivated: Gender reflects a real-world distinction (e.g., *boy-girl*).
• Unmotivated: Gender differentiation exists without corresponding reality (e.g., *table, face*).
• Common Gender Nouns: Differentiate male/female using the suffix "-or" (Note: This seems to refer to a specific pattern, possibly related to agent nouns).
• Epicene Nouns

The Story (Plot)

Two worlds in conflict (as in Buero Vallejo: executioners and victims, bosses and minions) teem with a cast of characters perfectly polarized in the novel's double plot. The double plot articulates the novel through the world of work and the world of feelings, addressing the open appointments in the novel.

Especially relevant is the description of charged spaces: the "new" house of José and his family, the factory, Emilia's small apartment, the hole where he lives in Asturias, the shacks, and so on. These places are very representative of both the fate of the characters and the uneven development of a city that grows suddenly, displaced from the countryside.

Almost symbolic objects—such as the skull, the cage, or the toilet—again...

2024 Scheurebe – Wagner-Stempel, Rheinhessen

• Grape: Scheurebe
• Style: Aromatic, precise white
• Fermentation: Stainless steel, native yeasts
• Aging: Short lees contact
• Notes: Grapefruit, passionfruit, cassis, light mineral undertone
• Acidity: Vibrant, energetic, structured

2012 Weißer Burgunder »Spätlese« Trocken – R. & C. Schneider, Baden

• Grape: Weißer Burgunder
• Style: Mature, textured dry white
• Fermentation: Stainless steel with neutral oak and lees
• Aging: Over 10 years in bottle
• Notes: Baked apple, almond, hazelnut, light brioche
• Acidity: Medium, softened but supportive

2024 »Lezèr« – Foradori, Südtirol

• Grape: Teroldego
• Style: Light, vibrant red
• Fermentation: Spontaneous, gentle extraction, concrete
• Aging: Short, preserves freshness
• Notes: Pomegranate,

Cultural Acceptance of White Lies

In my society, telling small lies is often accepted and even expected in daily interactions. People commonly use “white lies” to avoid hurting others’ feelings or to be polite. For example, it’s typical to compliment someone’s cooking even if you didn’t enjoy it, simply to be respectful.

While constant lying is frowned upon, these social lies are seen as necessary to maintain harmony. I believe this is generally a good thing—telling the absolute truth can sometimes cause unnecessary pain. As long as the intention behind the lie is kind, I think it plays a useful role in communication and relationships.

Graffiti: Art Form or Act of Vandalism?

Graffiti has long sparked debate. Some see it as vandalism,...

Neoclassical Architecture, Sculpture and Painting

Francisco de Goya: Life and Artistic Periods

Biography

Francisco de Goya

• Court painter during the reigns of Carlos IV, Joseph I and Fernando VII.
• Became deaf after an illness.
• Final years in Bordeaux.
• Three main periods in his career.

A. Court Period

• Cartoons for tapestries made in the royal factory: The Grape Harvest, The Dance of San

Chapter 6: The Press

Public Sphere Theory

• Intimate sphere: Family, friends, etc.
• Private sphere: Voluntary associations.
• Public sphere: External relations.

Four Theories of the Press

• Authoritarian theory: Direct governmental control of media.
• Libertarian theory: Free expression is prioritized, but individual freedom is not guaranteed.
• Social Responsibility Theory: The powerful press must be held accountable to those who do not have access to an equal means of communication.
• Soviet theory: Press institutions are expected to follow governmental theory.

Key Concepts in Journalism

• Yellow Journalism: A sensationalist and exaggerated newspaper style meant to increase sales.
• The Muckrakers: Politically engaged, factual reporters who expose illegal activities.

The Main Goal of Feminist Criticism

The main goal of feminist criticism is to make visible and erase women’s oppression in a patriarchal society by drawing attention to its representation in literature.

French Feminism: Basic Principles

French feminism seeks to define an écriture féminine on the basis of the psychological “politics” of language itself. If language belongs not to women but to a masculine social order, the distinctive female literary strategy will be to subvert it.

French vs. British Feminist Criticism

• British Feminist Criticism: Although drawing upon both American and French approaches, it has usually been more historical and sociological.
• French Feminist Criticism: It is primarily based on the psychological “politics”

Foundational Concepts in Intercultural Communication (ICC)

...and even physical artifacts.

W. Humboldt's Ideas and ICC Principles

Question: What correlation exists between Wilhelm von Humboldt’s ideas and the principles of Intercultural Communication (ICC)?

Humboldt proposed that: “...human language is a rule-governed system, rather than just a collection of words and phrases paired with meanings...”

Correlation: Language embodies the cultural conceptualization of the community of people who use that language.

Interdisciplinary Nature of ICC Theory

Question: May the Theory of ICC be considered interdisciplinary? Why?

The Theory of ICC can be considered interdisciplinary. Despite the fact that every culture has its own peculiarities, different...