Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Journalistic Narrative and Feature Stories

The story combines research and information with a generic analysis. It depends less on strict deadlines than the daily news or chronicles. These pieces deepen the causes and consequences, reports, and allegations to draw attention.

Structure of the Narrative

• Title: It should be attractive and engaging.
• Opening: Summarizes and presents the subject in a striking way.
• Narrative or Body: The structure and logic follow a driver that provides coherence.
• Auction or End: Returns to the original idea and gives meaning to the whole story.

Opinion Makers and Editorial Content

Editorial: An opinion that expresses the ideological line, position, or business environment of the editor or publisher.

Article and Column: These...

Neoclassic Theater

Features of Neoclassic Theater

• Total separation of genres to avoid confusion.
• Submission to the rule of three units: one action, in one place, and set within 24 hours.
• Didactic purpose: useful items for society, practiced through education.
• Plausible approach in line with reality.
• Structuring of the play in three acts.

Genres and Key Works

• Tragedy: The major tragedy representative of this era is Vicente García de la Huerta's work Raquel.
• Comedy: Highlights Leandro Fernández de Moratín and his most famous work, El sí de las niñas (The Girls' Yes).

Romanticism and Romantic Theater

Features of Romanticism

• Individualism: Man seeks his own purposes.
• Cult of freedom: The individual proclaims their right to speech and individual liberty

The Age of Realism

Historical Context

The age of Realism has its roots in the revolutionary movement of 1848. The bourgeoisie abandoned the revolutionary spirit, seeking stability and moderation. Industrial growth occurred alongside the rise of great colonial empires in Africa and Asia. In Spain, the bourgeois revolution of 1868 failed, and in 1874 the Bourbon monarchy was restored, beginning the historical period of the Restoration, where the realist novel flourished.

Scientific and Technical Progress

Scientific research made great progress during this era. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. In the field of technology, the telegraph and steamships emerged.

Realist Literature

The bourgeoisie abandoned Romantic...

Spain in the Baroque: Political Situation

The Baroque was a cultural and artistic movement that developed during the seventeenth century, characterized by political decay and social and economic inequality. This decline was largely due to the weak leadership of Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II.

The Reign of Philip III

Philip III struggled to manage the war in the Netherlands, the conquest and maintenance of the New World, and external borrowing to fund these endeavors. Notably, his reign saw the expulsion of the Moriscos.

The Decline Under Philip IV and Charles II

Under Philip IV and Charles II, Spain lost its hegemony in Europe, marked by the independence of the Netherlands, the loss of Roussillon and Cerdanya, and the independence of Portugal....

Matisse's "The Green Stripe" (1905)

Overview

Painter: Henri Matisse
Style: Fauvism
Technique: Oil on canvas
Location: Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen

This portrait showcases Matisse's innovative use of color and form, characteristic of the Fauvist movement.

Formal Analysis

Visual Elements

Bold colors and distinct areas of color, particularly in the dress and face, are prominent. Complementary colors (green-red, yellow-blue) create balance. The brushstrokes are visible, strong, long, and thick, also defining the contours. Natural light, though not explicitly depicted, subtly models the face, with the green stripe emphasizing the interplay of light and shadow. The focus is not on three-dimensional representation; the flatness of the canvas is...

Cultural Myths: Their Meaning and Impact on Society

Myth: According to Gatti, a myth is a collective construction. It is society at large that gives this account a place of value and provokes its preeminence. We see an effect of approximation and belonging among those who recognize it as such. The man and the myth provide the processing unit that comprehends reality around them. That is, no man can know only things that relate directly to him, but they may contain, as added value, the comprehension of beings, and so humans understand reality in their lives.

Two Definitions of Myth According to Sullivan

According to Sullivan, there are two definitions:

1. A myth is a chain of concepts that enjoy high acceptance. A cultural framework allows members

Late Baroque Spanish (Churrigueresque) and its Influence in Latin America

From the mid-seventeenth century, an art movement began that favored broken ornaments, increasing the simplicity of the previous stage. It increased the ornamentation on the exterior with sculpture in the round and reliefs, and plant columns. The dramatic and theatrical effect was achieved by concealing the structures with decorative extravagance.

The term Churrigueresque characterized these decorative and ornate Baroque styles, which had a huge success in Latin American architecture. Family workshops and renowned architects took on great prominence.

Main Sites:

Madrid:

Architect Pedro Ribera (Toledo Bridge). His work affects the exterior decoration, which is dynamic, original,...

Aerodynamics: 1930–1950

With the rise of Nazism, the Bauhaus movement dissolved, leading many of its members to emigrate to countries like the United States. This migration exported their industrial design philosophies, resulting in two opposing currents in America:

• Rationalist: Influenced by the Bauhaus movement.
• Styling (Streamline Moderne): Contended that product design should prioritize aesthetics over functionality.

This second stream, known as Streamline Moderne, developed a vision aligned with the capitalist "American way of life." It created superficially attractive products that triggered accelerated consumption through psychological aging, a concept driven by the "law of the late model." This trend remains prevalent in the automotive...

Baroque Art: A Universal Movement

Baroque art is not just a style, but a trend common to all arts that acquires very differentiated characteristics in each country according to the influence of Italy or France. It represents the end point of the classical rules and experimentation that started with Mannerism.

The Dual Function of Baroque Art

It was born as an instrument of the Catholic Church to combat the spread of Protestantism and also served absolute monarchies as a way to show their power. Therefore, Baroque art has a dual function: to impress and to convey ideological content. It is considered a forward movement of novelty, a search for the infinite, contrast, and the limits in the bold mix of all arts.

Baroque Architecture and Its Language

In...

The Evolution of the Spanish Novel: 1950s to 1970s

The 1950s and 1960s: A Turning Point in the Novel

The 1970s marked a significant turning point for the Spanish novel. The social realism prevalent in the 1950s evolved into a novelistic structure focused on exploring the individual's personality. The novel of this era offers a critical reflection on Spanish society, addressing broad aspects such as myths deeply rooted in the Spanish psyche. Its formal presentation is innovative; the novel presents events in a fresh way, often including a glossary and demonstrating great expressiveness.

Key Narrative Techniques of the Era

• Dynamic Narrator: The narrator is a changing element, often employed with knowing irony.
• Shifting Perspectives: Changes in narrative