Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Direct and Background Exposure in History

Direct and background exposure often results from the consequences of history.

The Interview in Modern Media

We must distinguish between two primary forms of the interview within the media landscape:

• Research Assistant Method: Used primarily for gathering data and background information.
• Journalistic Genres: These can be further divided into two specific types:
  • Biography or Personality: Focusing on the individual.
  • Information: Focusing on specific facts or events.

The structure of a standard interview consists of two main parts: Presentation and Development.

Opinion Genres and Subjective Analysis

Opinion genres are those that offer subjective analysis, argued interpretations, and judgments regarding current events....

Visual Characteristics and Form Classes

Form is the union of the visual characteristics of objects by which we can differentiate them. These qualities include:

• Color
• Size
• Texture
• Configuration
• Location in real space

Key Definitions of Form

• Configuration: Each form has a number of lines that it encompasses and our eyes perceive. The configuration of a way is the peculiar characterization it presents before our eyes.
• Natural Forms: Those that are found in nature and have not been modified by man.
• Artificial Forms: Created by the artist for aesthetic enjoyment; these are based in reality or in the artist's creativity.
• Shapes: Based on mathematical and geometric principles. There are two types: two-dimensional and three-dimensional.
• Positive (+) and Negative

1. Introduction: Historical Coordinates, Chronology, and Characteristics of the Renaissance

1.1. The Italian Origins

This movement was born in Italy, closer to the sources that would inspire Renaissance artists. Italy was dotted with remnants of the Ancient Roman Empire, from which humanists drew inspiration. The classical spirit was preserved throughout the Middle Ages. Italy was also a place where a new economy and society developed, creating new interests and requiring a new artistic language.

1.2. Chronology of the Renaissance in Italy

1.2.1. The "Trecento"

During the fourteenth century, the Renaissance began its gestation, even within the Gothic style. In sculpture and painting, the Italian Primitives, the School of Florence, and the School...

Realism in Literature

Realism's main characteristic is its claim to depict the society of its time. It focuses on social and economic issues, and human passions. Besides being a contemporary social reality, a third feature is a script that works with loyalty to what exists, trying to present reality as it is, using an objective technique against romantic subjectivism. The authors attempt to discover the qualities, dislikes, and even social deformities. In conclusion, the elements of realism developed from Romanticism, such as manners and the taste for local and regional levels, but still eliminates some previous facets such as subjectivism, the excessive use of the imagination, or the constant evocation of the legendary past.

The novel was the...

The Nature of Journalistic Articles

Journalistic articles are those disseminated through the media. These are defined as channels through which information on events of interest to a community is transmitted.

The Figure of the Issuer and Information Sources

In journalistic texts, the figure of the issuer is complex, as it may involve an information company (private or public) that belongs to the media outlet which disseminates the news and serves as the source of information. The most prominent sources of information include news agencies, press offices, and the journalists who write the information.

The Receiver and Communication Channels

Regarding the receiver of the news, we must note that the information is aimed at a broad, heterogeneous, and...

Fra Angelico: The Annunciation

Artist: Fra Angelico

Composition: This scene from the life of the Virgin Mary is set within a Renaissance-style pavilion, open on both sides. The two figures, the Archangel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary, are positioned under a main arch, each occupying a central part of the composition. The Archangel Gabriel leans slightly and begins his address, while Mary kneels with her arms folded across her chest, a book open on her right leg, and a downcast gaze. A beam of light illuminates the Virgin, accompanied by a dove, symbolizing the Holy Spirit. In the bottom left, the scene of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise is depicted. Three medallions decorate the pavilion; at the center, a bust of Jesus appears in an...

Michelangelo's Vatican Pietà: A Renaissance Masterpiece

Composition and Symbolism

• The two figures form a closed pyramidal composition.
• The Virgin Mary holds Christ, who lies in her lap. Her eyes are cast down, yet she also engages the viewer directly.
• One hand welcomes her son, while the other seems to invite adoration. Her figure forms the pyramid's base.
• The group contrasts the nudity of Jesus with the deep, heavy folds of Mary's drapery. The Virgin's weight is conveyed as she only touches the ground with her right foot.

Historical Context and Artistic Choices

• Commissioned by Cardinal Jean de Bilhères-Lagraulas.
• The contract clearly specified the Virgin Mary covered with a garment and the body of Christ dead in her arms.
• The sculpture depicts the

Romanticism: Traits, Trends & Historical Impact

From the Romantic movement, authors introduced many elements that produced a new artistic perspective. The emphasis on emotions and the intimacy of the author gained weight over the rational analysis of reality. Romantic traits emphasize individualism and authenticity; in Romanticism the human spirit becomes central. A cult of dignity emerged that sometimes led to egocentrism, while nationalism sought independence and the characteristic features of each nation.

Key Traits of Romantic Literature

The movement includes several defining features that often coexist in Romantic works:

• Individualism: focus on the self and subjective experience.
• Authenticity: the human spirit and inner life over external

Conceptismo

This movement is particularly concerned with the fund (content). It focuses on the association of ideas and ingenious wit in the telling. The author typically uses a flat lexicon to excite the mind and displays a preference for a short, choppy rhythm. Its main representatives are Quevedo, Lope, Gracián, and de Vega.

Culteranismo

This style is concerned with the form of expression, where the content of the compositions is minimal. It aims to create a sensory world of beauty, grounded by the power of the word's phonic quality rather than its meaning. It uses resources such as:

• Hellenisms
• Latinisms
• Neologisms
• Metaphors

Its style is sumptuous, and this movement reached its maximum representation in the verse of Góngora.

Realism

The author seeks...

Spanish Word Distinctions (Tilde Diacrítica)

Understanding accent marks (tildes) is crucial for distinguishing words in Spanish:

• él (pron. personal: he) vs. el (artículo: the)
• tú (pron. personal: you) vs. tu (adjetivo posesivo: your)
• mí (pron. personal: me) vs. mi (adjetivo posesivo: my)
• te (pron. personal: you) vs. té (sustantivo: tea)
• más (adv./sustantivo: more) vs. mas (conjunción adversativa: but)
• sí (adv. afirmación/pron.: yes, oneself) vs. si (conjunción/nota musical: if, B)
• sé (verbo saber/ser: I know / be) vs. se (pron.: oneself, himself, etc.)
• o (conjunción: or) - Note: The accent on 'ó' between numbers is no longer used by the RAE.
• dé (verbo dar: give) vs. de (preposición: of, from)
• Interrogative/Exclamative vs. Relative/Conjunction: