Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

2 .- Analysis of the basic process of knowledge
All knowledge is a form of relationship between two terms or words, first the subject (subjective pole) and the other the object (objective pole)
Latin subjectum subjective (subject) is related to the subject
Objective, emphasizes the known object
Example:
Three people are witnesses of fact, each is described separately, if all three match, the description was objective.
We say objective by describing the event as it is, if they were subjective each person had given his opinion and point of view, so that each description would have been different.
Knowledge is thus the relationship between subject and object, this relationship in some form of presence of the object in the subject.
This...

Eighteenth-Century European Thought

Illustration and Rationalism

Illustration: Renewal in the field of thought based on the philosophy of rationalism.

Basic Ideas:

• Rationalism, where reason prevails.
• Utilitarianism, in which happiness is based on utilitarian criteria.
• Social progress, where progress of science occurs.
• Secularization of culture and dominance of laicism.

Impact of the Enlightenment

• Politics: Two trends emerged: enlightened despotism (all for the people but without the people) and the revolutionary trend (based on the English Revolution).
• Economy: Economic liberalism emerged in England, championed by Locke and Hume.
• Culture: Freedom of expression arose in France through Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

Eighteenth Century in Spain

Introduction...

The Painting of the Last Third of the Nineteenth Century: Impressionism and Post-Impressionism

Introduction

The 1870s witnessed a reversal in the economy, manifested at all artistic and social levels. The failure of the Paris Commune brought about a truce, and the great industrial and financial bourgeoisie experienced its peak. However, past revolutionary episodes obliged public authorities to carry out certain reform programs, including social insurance and compulsory, free primary education. Because of this, the illustrated press multiplied, and cultural events tended to become "mass phenomena." Two factors influenced artistic life:

1. The popularization of photography and the establishment of the movement for the use of films sensibles.
2. The spread

"The Load" (Barcelona, 1902) by Ramon Casas

Classification:

Title: The Load or Barcelona, 1902

Author: Ramon Casas (1866-1932)

Year: Dated 1903 (Exhibited at the Salon du Champ de Mars in 1903). Some critics believe it was painted in 1899 and was turned down at the Universal Exhibition of Paris of 1900.

Style: Social Realism / Modernism

Museum: Museum of Garrotxa, Olot

Medium: Oil on Canvas

Dimensions: 2.98 x 4.70 meters

Subject Matter: Brutal Repression

The painting depicts the brutal repression by the Civil Guard of a workers' demonstration demanding better working conditions. It is a modern take on history painting, utilizing a large format (2.98 x 4.70 meters).

Technical and Artistic Elements

The technique is oil on canvas, with color taking precedence...

Marxism Will Give Health to the Sick

Marxism Will Give Health to the Sick brings original peace on earth, for Marxist science can simply save the sick and those oppressed by Yankee criminal capitalism.

Technical Details and Materials

Frida Kahlo, 1954, oil on canvas, 76 x 61 cm.

Materials: Oil on board, with a predominance of dark colors: brown, green, and black. Frida painted this shortly before her death; pain and medication provoked loose, fast brushstrokes, loaded with little detail and heavy pictorial matter.

Composition and Visual Structure

The composition features a vertical division into two spaces with a vertical axis formed by the portrait of Frida herself. The figure has a triangular composition because of the typical Mexican dress. In...

Understanding Cinema and Film

Film, also called cinema, is the technique of capturing and projecting frames in rapid succession to create the impression of movement. The term also refers to the theaters where movies are shown.

The Dawn of Cinema

The history of cinema arguably begins on December 28, 1895, when the Lumière brothers publicly projected short films in Paris. These early works depicted scenes such as workers leaving a French factory in Lyon, the demolition of a wall, the arrival of a train, and a boat leaving a port.

Film Theory Essentials

Film theory is based on the principle of presenting sequences of photographs rapidly enough to create the illusion of continuous movement.

Classic vs. Modern Cinema Styles

Classic cinema typically features...

Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles, once a collection of private palaces and gardens, stands as a testament to the rational management of nature within a city in France. André Le Nôtre designed and organized the gardens of Versailles. The conception of the work adheres to the strict rules of French Classicism. Its facades are structured in three levels, corresponding to the service area (basement), the main hall (ground floor), and the intimate rooms (upper floor). The facade features a prominent base, culminating in a third floor adorned with small windows. Certain sections of the wall are decorated with columns, representing one of the few concessions to the Baroque style. Although the interior rooms are ostentatiously decorated,...

Understanding Advertising

Advertising is defined as a social communication system that uses all communication media and mass channels. It applies a set of techniques to create messages with the intent to convince an audience to perform an action.

3 Types of Advertising and Their Purposes

• Commercial: Intended to sell products or services.
• Institutional: Reports or prevents issues, such as campaigns against drugs.
• Political: Serves an ideological purpose.

The Communication Process in Advertising

The communication process consists of the following elements:

• Issuer: The advertiser.
• Recipient: The individual to whom the product is directed.
• Message: The announcement concerning a product or service.
• Channel: Mass media, pamphlets, etc.
• Code: Mixed, including

19th and 20th Century Literary Movements

The bourgeoisie, characterized by its focus on money, family, and fundamental heritage, often served as a thematic element in the literature of this period.

The Naturalistic Novel: 1880s-1890s

The naturalistic novel, prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, is an experimental form, akin to a scientific experiment or a clinical case study.

This genre reflects prevailing philosophical and scientific currents of its time. Key ideas include the influence of biological inheritance on character, aligning with philosophical determinism. Additionally, sociology provides insight into the decisive impact of the environment.

Émile Zola, a progressive figure, was a key pioneer of Naturalism, notably with his interconnected...

Language Variation

The use of any language isn't homogeneous among its speakers. Language varies due to historical, social, geographical, and stylistic factors. The style used—cultivated, standard, colloquial, or vulgar—also impacts variation. A common standard, adapting to change, is characterized by rules and guidelines from institutions like the Royal Spanish Academy.

Advertising's Persuasive Power

Advertising's main goal is persuasion. As a social communication system, it promotes products or events through commercial, institutional, and political means. It uses various media (press, television, radio, outdoor, direct mail, etc.). To persuade, advertising often embellishes reality, concealing negatives. This is debatable; while it can...