Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Razón pura y límites del conocimiento

El límite lógico entre el ser y el deber ser no puede conducir de uno al otro. En conclusión, no se pueden establecer juicios sintéticos a priori sobre el alma, el mundo o Dios, porque son ideas de la razón que trascienden el mundo de los fenómenos.

La razón práctica se ocupa de las acciones humanas y es el ámbito moral.

La ética kantiana: una ética deontológica

La ética kantiana es deontológica, porque hace reposar el valor moral de las acciones en la noción de deber. Se diferencia de las éticas teleológicas en que el valor moral de la acción no reside en la finalidad, identificada con alcanzar la felicidad. Su fin consiste en identificar la esencia de la moral. Su respuesta es que los...

English Vocabulary: Fame, Media and Everyday Life

Trend: moda, tendència.
Willing: disposat.
Straight: directament.
Passer-by: vianant.
Crew: equip, colla.
Pursued: perseguit.
Crowd: multitud, gentada.
Fiancée: promesa.
Fool: enganyar.
Overwhelmed: escandalitzat.
Surrounded: envoltat.
Infatuation: fascinació.
Pressure: pressió.
In the spotlight: centre d'atenció (mirades).
Heiress: hereva.

Lavish: luxós.
Role models: models de conducta.
Worship: adorar.
Wealthy: adinerat.
Gossip: cotilleig.
Talent scout: caçatalents.
Spoilt: consentit.
Notorious: tenir fama.
Controversial: polèmic.
Tabloids: premsa sensacionalista, diaris.
Drive: empenta.

Common Collocations

Catch: sight of, a bus, a cold, someone's eye, fire, one's breath.
Take: a photo, for granted, one's time,...

Appeal to - gustar a

Manufacture - producir

Purchase - adquirir

Target - estar dirigido a

Jumble sale - mercadillo

Use up - utilizar todo

Dump - vertedero

Waste - desperdicio

Foolish - insensato

Harmful - dañino

Hazardous - peligroso

Knowledgeable - culto

Environmentally friendly - ecológico

Rubbish dump - vertedero

Bring about - dar lugar a

Get across - transmitir

Point out - remarcar

Put off - aplazar

Fattening - que engorda

Fresh - fresco

Cut out - eliminar

Eat out - salir a cenar

Give up - dejar

Go on a diet - ponerse a régimen

Stick to - seguir

Ban on - prohibición de

Delighted - encantado

Dissatisfied - descontentado

Jog - estímulo

Peckish - con ganas de comer algo

Scent - satisfecho

Sprint - esprint

Stare - mirar fijamente

Starving - hambriento

Well built - fornido

Sight

Common Spanish Verb Tenses and Structures

• Yo había hablado: I had spoken
• Yo habré hablado: I will have spoken
• Estuve muy decepcionado: I was very disappointed
• Ella no sentiría: She wouldn't feel
• Quiero comer: I want to eat
• Me gusta comer: I like eating

Expressing Desires and the Subjunctive

• Quiero que él venga: I want him to come
• No quiero que ella viva sola: I don't want her to live alone
• Quiero que vivas aquí: I want you to live here
• ¿Intentarías...?: Would you try...?
• Cuando me haya ido: When I have gone

Time and Duration with 'Desde'

• Desde abril estoy trabajando de camarero: I have been working as a waiter since April
• Tengo amigos desde hace un mes: I have had friends for a month
• Vivo en Burgos desde 2003: I have lived in Burgos since 2003

Essential

The Causative

• a) I paint my house every year. = Yo pinto mi casa cada año.
• b) I have my house painted every year. = Yo tengo mi casa pintada todos los años.
• c) I get my house painted every year. = Yo tengo pintada mi casa cada año.
• a) I repaired my car. = Yo reparé mi coche.
• b) I had/got my car repaired. = Yo hice reparar mi coche.

Causative Examples

1. I didn't cut my hair myself. I had my hair cut.
   - Yo no me corté el pelo yo mismo. Yo hice cortar mi pelo.
2. Jill didn't make her dress. She had it made in Paris.
   - Jill no fabricó su vestido. Ella hizo fabricarlo en París.
3. I'm not painting the kitchen myself. I am having the kitchen painted.
   - Yo no pinté la cocina yo mismo. Yo hice pintar mi cocina.
4. We didn't frame these pictures. We had them framed.

Relative Clauses in English

Relative clauses are used to provide additional information about a noun. They are divided into two main types: defining and non-defining.

Defining Relative Clauses

These clauses provide essential information to identify the noun.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

These clauses provide extra information...

Present Simple

Afirmativa: Subject + Verb (-(e)s)

Negativa: Subject + do/does not + Verb

Pregunta: Do/Does + Subject + Verb?

Time expressions: Every (day, morning, week...), in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays / Mondays..., always / often / usually, once / twice a week, timetables (at 3 o'clock...).

Present Continuous

Afirmativa: Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing

Negativa: Subject + am/is/are not + Verb-ing

Pregunta: Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb-ing?

Time expressions: Now, right now, at the moment, at present, still, today / tonight, Look! / Listen!

Past Simple

Afirmativa: Subject + Verb (Past form / V2)

Negativa: Subject + did not + Verb

Pregunta: Did + Subject + Verb?

Time expressions: Last (day, week, year...), yesterday, the other day, ... ago,...

English Sentence Transformations

1. Managed to give
2. Were not allowed to enter
3. Too cold for us to
4. Need to be answered
5. Rarely remembers the date/day when
6. Am considering moving
7. Did not let their children
8. Stop speaking to him unless
9. Such an interesting novel
10. Is likely to end
11. Impressed by her fluency in
12. Looking forward to going
13. Success in spite of
14. Is worth seeing
15. See each other
16. Was called off by
17. Must be a church that you
18. Time we visited Lisbon was
19. Not fast enough to catch (or reach)
20. Film would already be
21. Ready to set off
22. Has not been replaced by
23. As long as he has (or takes)
24. He had been very amused
25. So sick that he decided
26. Had I arrived when
27. Is believed to have cancelled
28. I could play badminton well
29. Was not keen on going
30. Mind passing me
31. Nearly as expensive as
32. Denied having seen
33. Like

Rococo and Neoclassicism

Rococo: reign of Louis XV (1715-1774), contrast with the Baroque, characterized by elegance and extravagance. Aristocracy: Vigée Le Brun, 1782, worldly art.

Neoclassicism: Enlightenment and the French Revolution (1789-1799), absolute monarchy, Paris as center, a neo instrument of diffusion. Napoleonic Empire: almost the same as the Renaissance. Church of Madeleine (1806-1842), classical colonnade, Last Judgment frieze, commissioned by Napoleon.

Eros: 1783-1793, Antonio Canova, unifacial, center, The Kiss, commissioned by John Campbell in 1787, influence of Damià Campeny, Apuleius and Psyche: love.

Painting: The Oath of the Horatii (1784), linear perspective, literary tragedy theme, Horace, Rome, Curiatii, Alba Longa,...

Phrasal Verbs in English with Spanish Translations

Below is a list of common phrasal verbs in English with their Spanish meanings.

• Ask out: invitar a salir
• Look up: buscar (información sobre)
• Back up: hacer una copia de seguridad (de)
• Make for: ir / dirigirse hacia / a
• Break up: romper / cortar / dejar (una relación)
• Make of: pensar de / sobre, parecer
• Bring about: lograr, producirse
• Make up: hacer las paces, reconciliarse
• Burn down: quemarse, incendiarse
• Miss out on: dejar pasar, perder
• Call off: suspender, cancelar
• Move on: pasar página, seguir adelante
• Call on: pasar a ver / visitar a
• Open up: hablar abiertamente, sincerarse
• Calm down: calmar / tranquilizar a
• Pick on: meterse con
• Carry out: llevar a cabo, realizar
• Pick out: elegir, escoger
• Cheer on: animar