Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Palabras Polisémicas en Inglés

Términos comunes que presentan múltiples significados según el contexto:

• Fine: Bien / Multa
• Fly: Mosca / Volar
• Gather: Recoger / Reunirse
• Last: Durar / Último
• Leading: Destacado / Líder
• Nail: Clavo / Uña
• Odd: Impar / Extraño

Vocabulario de Personalidad, Emociones y Conducta

Expresiones, verbos y adjetivos clave para describir actitudes y situaciones sociales:

• Admire: Admirar
• Anxiety: Angustia / Ansiedad
• Be left alone: Quedarse solo
• Cheeky: Descarado/a
• Character: Carácter
• Courage: Valor / Coraje
• Disrespectful: Irrespetuoso/a
• Get away with: Salirse con la suya
• Grumpy: Gruñón / Gruñona
• Have a row / rows: Pelearse / Discutir
• Mature: Maduro/a
• Mood swings: Cambios de humor
• Need privacy: Necesitar intimidad
• Peer pressure: Presión

Opinion Essay Essentials

Useful Vocabulary and Phrases

Enhance your writing with these key expressions:

• Expressing Opinion: In my opinion (En mi opinión), Personally (Personalmente), I think/believe (Yo creo firmemente), I agree/disagree (Estoy de acuerdo/no), It seems to me that (Me parece que), As I see it (Como yo lo veo), From my point of view (Desde mi punto de vista), I am sure (Estoy seguro).
• Connecting Ideas: My main reason is (Mi razón principal), Nowadays (Hoy en día), Also/Furthermore (Además), Because/Since/Due to (Porque/Ya que/Debido a), It is clear (Es claro), It is true that (Es cierto que), For example (Por ejemplo), However (Sin embargo), Whether (Ya sea), Luckily (Por suerte), Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly (En primer lugar...)

1. Causes of Decolonization

The decolonization of Africa and Asia was a rapid process that began at the end of World War II.

a. Factors

i. Nationalist Movements

During the interwar period, nationalist movements began to form in the colonized countries, encouraged by the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. They started to denounce colonial oppression and claim the right to independence. Charismatic leaders emerged, such as Nehru, Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh and Nasser.

ii. Weakness of the Metropolises

During the two World Wars, colonized peoples stopped seeing their colonizers as superior. The prestige of the metropolises declined and the myth that the great powers were invincible disappeared. These events encouraged feelings of independence, strengthened...

Trouble | Problema

Get/Be Held Up | Ser Detenido

Day Return | Día de Regreso

Valid | Válido

Due | Debido/ Debería

Get In | Entra

Cancel | Cancelar

Warning | Advertencia

Connecting Flight | Vuelo de Conexión

Meant to Do | Destinado a

Pick Up | Recoger

Turn Up | Aparecer

Trip | Viaje

Overnight | Durante la Noche

Hire a Car | Alquilar un Coche

Stop Off | Parada

Via | Vía

Nightmare | Pesadilla

Get/Be Stuck | Atascarse

Traffic Jam | Atasco

End Up | Terminar

The Outskirts | Las Afueras

Heavy Traffic | Mucho Tráfico

The Rush Hour | Hora Punta

Serious Accident | Accidente Grave

Occur | Ocurrir

Van | Camioneta

Skid | Patinar

Collide With | Chocar con

Vehicle | Vehículo

Block a Road | Bloquear una Carretera

Lane | Carril

Emergency Services | Servicios de Emergencia

Avoid | Evitar

Ambulance

Attractions: atracción

München: Germany

DISABLED TOILETS: minusválidos de baños

tourist Information Centre: centro de información turística

DEN HAAG: The Hague the Netherlands.

SEAFRONT: paseo marítimo.

website: pagina web

GENEVA: Switzerland(ZUISA)

SAND: acantilado.

Display rack: expositor, exhibidor.

Lisboa. Portugal.

RIGHT HAND: el de la mano derecha.

Call centre: servicio telefónico de atención

WARSZAWA: Warsaw (VARSOVIA) (Poland)

BEHAVING: comportarse

Dental Appointment: pedir cita con el dentista.

København: Copenhagen (Denmark)

SWEDE: sueco

DISPLAYS: monitor

FIRENZE: Florence (Italy)

FINN: Finlandés
DANE: Danes

TIMETABLES: horario, planificar.

STAINED GLASS WINDOWS: Vidrieras

PRAGA: Prague (Czech Republic)

TOWER: Torre

BARBECUE: BARBACOA

FIREWORKS:

Business and Career Vocabulary

Phrasal Verbs for the Workplace

• Clock up: Hacer o llegar a un número determinado.
• Come up with: Pensar en un plan o idea.
• Put together: Lluvia de ideas o sugerencias.
• Start up: Crear un negocio o empezar a funcionar.
• Sum up: Resumir.
• Grow up: Crecer o hacerse adulto.

Essential Business Verbs and Nouns

• Lose a fortune: Perder una fortuna.
• Make a profit / Lose money: Ganar o perder dinero.
• Employee: Empleado.
• Employment: Empleo.
• Market researcher: Investigador de campo.
• Supermarket: Supermercado.
• Unemployment: Desempleo.
• Employer: Empleador.
• Market share: Cuota de mercado.
• Marketing: Mercadotecnia.
• The job market: Mercado de trabajo.

Workplace Adjectives and Expressions

• Dead-end: Sin futuro.
• The sack: El despido.
• Full-time / Part-time:

Essential English Connectors and Linking Words

• Nevertheless (S): Sin embargo, no obstante
• Nor (PREP): Ni
• Not only (PREP): No sólo
• Not even (BOTH): Ni siquiera
• Not even if (S): Ni aún, ni aunque
• Now and then (S): De vez en cuando
• Nowadays (S): En la actualidad, actualmente, en el presente, hoy en día
• On behalf of (PREP): A nombre de / de parte de
• Only if (S): Solo si (strictly conditioned by)
• On the condition that: A condición de
• On purpose (AT THE END): A propósito
• On second thoughts (S): Al pensarlo de nuevo / pensándolo bien
• On the other hand (S): Por otro lado, por otra parte
• Once (S): Una vez que
• Otherwise (S): De lo contrario, de otro modo
• Owing to (PREP): Debido a
• Perhaps (BOTH): Quizás, tal vez
• Rather (PREP): Más bien
• Scarcely/barely/hardly (+verb)

TEMA 6: HOW MUCH?

CONSUMERISM

• Borrow: To take money or goods with the promise of returning them later.
• Coin: A small, flat piece of metal used as money.
• Earn: To receive money for work done.
• Exchange (n): The act of giving or receiving one thing in return for another.
• Exchange (v): To give or receive one thing in return for another.
• Lend: To give money or goods to someone with the expectation of being repaid.
• Make money: To earn money.
• Manage money: To control and plan how money is spent and saved.
• Note: A piece of paper money.
• Owe: To be obligated to pay back money or goods.
• Pocket money: Money given to a child for personal expenses.
• Rent: To pay for the use of something, such as a house or car.
• Save: To put money aside for future use.
• Spend: To use money

First Conditional

Structure: If + simple present + simple future

• If I study for the exam, I will get a good grade.
• If it rains today, I'll stay at home. (Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa)
• If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes. (Si hace frío, debes usar ropa abrigada)
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow. (Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana)

Question Tags

If a statement is positive, it should be tagged with a negative statement, and vice versa.

• All of you will take an exam after holidays, won't you?

Questions and Negatives

• Question: If Clara is free tomorrow, will he invite her? (¿Si Clara está libre mañana, la invitará él?)
• Negative: If Clara isn't free tomorrow, he won't invite her. (Si Clara no está libre mañana, él no

English-Spanish Vocabulary

Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

• Dropping: Están bajando
• Concentrate on: Concentrarse en
• Deal with: Tratar con
• Do a favor: Hacer un favor
• Do a job: Hacer un trabajo
• Do business: Hacer negocios
• Do exercise: Hacer ejercicio
• Do my best: Dar lo mejor de mí
• Insist on: Insistir en
• Make a choice: Tomar una decisión / Prendre una decisió
• Make a difference: Marcar la diferencia
• Make an effort: Hacer un esfuerzo
• Raise a flag: Izar una bandera
• Raise awareness: Campaña de concienciación
• Raise money by selling: Recaudar dinero mediante la venta de...
• Raise your hand: Levantar la mano / Aixecar la mà

Common Expressions and Idioms

• After all: Después de todo
• Afterwards: Después
• All in all: Considerándolo todo
• Apart from: Además de
• As a result of that,