Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Business Planning and Management Vocabulary

• Hoping / Would like: Quisiera
• Going to / Meeting / Expecting / Planning
• Hope (Esperanza): To wish something will happen.
• Expect (Esperar): To believe something will happen.
• Plan: To decide in detail what you are going to do.
• Estimate costs: Estimación de costes.
• Forecast sales: Previsión de ventas.
• Do research: Hacer una investigación.
• Collect information: Recoger información.
• Consider options: Considerar opciones.
• Rearrange: Reorganizar.
• Meet: Conocer / Reunirse.
• Prepare: Preparar.
• Keep within: Mantenerse dentro de.
• Implement: Implementar.
• A deadline: Un plazo.
• A schedule: Un horario.
• Budget: Presupuesto.
• A plan: Un plan.
• A meeting: Una reunión.
• A report: Un informe.

Planning a Farewell Party: A Dialogue

Coordinator:...

Informal Letter/E-mail Example

From: Maria ([email protected])
To: Alice ([email protected])
Subject: My family

Hi Alice,

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Well, that's all for now. I hope to hear from you soon.

Love,
Maria

Informal Greetings and Introductions

• Hi Sarah: Thanks for your email
• Dear Herman: It was great to hear from you
• Dear Mr. White: How are you? I'm fine. I hope you're well
• Thank you very much for your letter of December 1
• I have some good news. I'm writing to tell you about my last holidays
• How's your family?

Informal Conclusions and Closings

• Write soon: Regards
• That's all for now: Lots of love
• We look forward to hearing from you: Best wishes
• I look forward to hearing from you
• I hope to hear from you soon
• Give

Character Profiles

• Hiro: The main character, a Japanese student.
• Akiko: Hiro's ex-girlfriend.
• Shark: An elderly man Hiro meets on a train bound for Berlin.
• Karl Meier: A German man living in Berlin.
• Franz Schubert: A bodyguard.

The Breakup and the Trip

Hiro's girlfriend broke up with him because he had a picture of his dog, Yuki, as his wallpaper. Originally, he was planning a trip to southern Spain with Akiko and several friends and their respective partners.

The Encounter on the Train

Hiro meets a man with gray hair and a gray raincoat, wearing a broad smile with very sharp teeth that remind him of a shark. The man approaches Hiro and asks for permission to sit. During the journey, Hiro and the man inadvertently exchange mobile phones. When Hiro goes...

Crimes Against the Person: Common Law Definitions

• Assault: A threat or attempt to commit a battery.
• Battery: The use of force against another resulting in harmful or offensive contact.
• Mayhem: Maliciously depriving another of the use of a limb (disablement) or injuring the victim to permanently change their appearance (disfigurement).
• Rape and Related Offences: Unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent. Modern statutes often designate this as sexual assault. Statutory rape applies if the female is too young to give consent.
• False Imprisonment: The intentional, unlawful confinement of another person. The victim must be compelled by the defendant's use of force or threat to remain or go somewhere against their will.
• Kidnapping:

Reported Speech: Tense Changes and Rules

When using reported speech, verb tenses typically shift backward. Here is a breakdown of the transformations:

• Cooperates becomes cooperated
• Is cooperating becomes was cooperating
• Cooperated becomes had cooperated
• Was cooperating becomes had been cooperating
• Has cooperated becomes had cooperated
• Has been cooperating becomes had been cooperating
• Had cooperated remains had cooperated
• Had been cooperating remains had been cooperating
• Will cooperate becomes would cooperate
• Can becomes could
• May becomes might
• Have to becomes had to

Changes in Time and Place Expressions

• Now becomes then
• Today becomes that day
• Tonight becomes that night
• Yesterday becomes the previous day
• Here becomes there
• This becomes that
• These becomes those

Examples

Essential Vocabulary and Expressions

Egoista: selfish, llegar a conocer: to get to know, Gran avance, innovación: breakthrough, aliviado: relieve, mochilero: backpacker, quedarse colgado: crash, abarrotado: crowded. De humor cambiante: moody. Sensible: práctico. To tie the knot: casarse. To get along with: llevarse bien con. Device: aparato. Isolated: aislado. Slim: delgado. Spark: chispa. Chance: oportunidad

Synonyms and Grammar Exercises

Sinónimos: intense, resident, neglect, claim.

4: a) You mustn't smoke joints in the class of 2º Bachillerato. b) I couldn't have enough time to finish my writing for the English teacher.

5: 1) You should talk. 2) You shouldn't have left.

Degree Adjectives and Comparisons

• She is extremely tall. — Es tremendamente

General Terms and Descriptions

• Overcrowded: Repleto
• Yet: Sin embargo
• Tiffins: Taper
• Lid: Tapa
• Clockwork: Puntual
• Blistering: Abrasador
• Illiterate: Analfabeto
• Regardless of: Independientemente
• Evenly: Partes iguales
• Income: Salario

Action Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

• Sorted: Clasificar
• Rushed off: Con prisa
• Carried out: Llevar a cabo
• Slack off: Holgazanear
• Pack: Empaquetar
• Deliver: Repartir
• Dare: Atreverse a
• Split: Dividir

Common Expressions with Take

• Take pride in: Sentirse orgulloso de
• Take your time: Tomarse su tiempo
• Take for granted: Dar por hecho
• Take sides: Posicionarse
• Take advantage of: Aprovecharse
• Take initiative: Tomar la iniciativa

Common Expressions with Run

• Run wild: Desenfrenarse
• Run short of: Escasear
• Run an errand: Hacer un recado
• Run the show: Dirigir

Professional

Ignorancia de las normas: El efecto básico y esencial que crea la norma es el deber de cumplimiento por todos los afectados, pero no solo se dirige a los directamente afectados, sino también especialmente a los funcionarios y, en general, a todo ciudadano que tiene el deber general de colaborar para hacer efectivo el ordenamiento jurídico.

Ignorancia de las Leyes y Deber de Cumplimiento

El artículo 6.1 dice que “la ignorancia de las leyes no excusa de su cumplimiento”. Además, no castiga la ignorancia, sino que simplemente señala que no deja de aplicarse aunque no se conozca. No obstante, sí tienen un especial deber de conocer las normas los funcionarios públicos, sobre todo jueces y tribunales, hasta el punto de que el desconocimiento...

Understanding Science: Branches, Methods, and Philosophy

Science is one of the most important products of human consciousness. With science, we have been able to understand many of the mysteries of the universe, the world, and human beings themselves. It is also the basis for the transformation and modification of the environment.

Branches of Science

The world of science is broadly categorized into different branches:

• Formal Sciences: These do not have an empirical basis and work with formal entities, such as mathematics or logic. They extract information from existing information.
• Empirical Sciences: In contrast, these sciences use experimentation.
  • Natural Sciences: Refer to phenomena, things, and events in nature, for example, physics, chemistry,