Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

• Who? (¿Quién?) - Who sings in the bath every morning?
• Whom? (¿A quién?) - Whom did you meet? (Rarely used in modern English)
• Whose? (¿De quién?) - Whose book is this?
• What? (¿Qué?) - What is this?
• Which? (¿Qué? ¿Cuál?) - Which book do you want?
• How? (¿Cómo?) - How do you get to school?
• Where? (¿Dónde?) - Where is the Post Office?
• When? (¿Cuándo?) - When do you get up?

Time and Place Transformations

• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before
• Here → There
• This / That → The
• This morning → That morning
• Today → That day
• Tonight → That night
• Next Tuesday → The following Tuesday
• Last Tuesday → The previous Tuesday
• The day after tomorrow → In two days' time
• Ago → Before

Honesty, Deception & Beliefs

• Be economical: ser económico
• Bluntly: francamente
• Deny: negar
• Fake: falso
• Fall for sth: caer en (algo, un engaño)
• Gossip: chismes / cotillear
• Hoax: engaño / bulo
• Make up: maquillarse / inventar
• Own up: confesar
• Pigs might fly: Cuando las ranas críen pelo / Ni de coña (expresión idiomática de imposibilidad)
• Pretend: fingir
• Tell tales: contar cuentos / chismorrear
• Two-time: engañar (a la pareja)
• White lie: mentira piadosa
• Back up: reforzar / apoyar / hacer copia de seguridad
• Cover up: ocultar / encubrir
• Point out: señalar / indicar
• Tamper with: manipular / alterar
• Agnostic: agnóstico
• Atheist: ateo
• Be convinced: estar convencido
• Believe in: creer en
• Condemn: condenar
• Condone: condonar / aprobar / pasar por alto (algo malo)
• Disapprove:

Relationship and Social Vocabulary

• Sparks: chispa
• Perfect Match: combinación perfecta
• Going Out: salir
• Sweaty: sudoroso
• Values: valores
• Made Friends: hacer amigos
• Background: educación/formación
• Work Out: elaborar
• Get to Know: llegar a saber
• Matching: unión
• Tie the Knot: atar el nudo
• Get Along: llevarse bien
• Lasts: durar
• Date: cita
• Falling in Love: enamorado
• Single: soltero
• Relationship: relaciones
• Increase: aumentar/crecimiento
• Give it a Chance: dar una oportunidad
• Research: estudio
• Argue: argumentar
• Role: papel/oficio
• Doubt: duda
• Keep in Touch: mantener el contacto
• Claims: reclamaciones
• Arrange: arreglar
• Grown Apart: distanciarse
• Takes After: parecerse
• Engaged: compromiso
• Relative: familiar
• Couple: pareja
• Fiancé: novio
• Acquaintance: conocidos
• Close Friend: amigo cercano

Personality

My 21st Birthday Celebration

My 21st birthday party was a great time. I was surrounded by the people that love me, friends and family.

In the morning, I went to the beach with my friends. We played ping pong, card games, listened to music, and had a great time until sunset. We took a lot of photos and selfies. On the way home, we had some milkshakes; mine was Ferrero Rocher, my favourite!

The best time was at night because my family made me a special surprise. They reserved a private lounge in a new karaoke bar for us. We tried different food of all varieties, which was a new experience for me, for example, snails in spicy sauce, pigs' ears, etc. Then we sang a few songs, we danced, had some drinks and great cocktails like Mojitos, my favourite!...

Essential Entertainment and Show Business Vocabulary

Key Nouns and Concepts

• Atmosphere: ambiente
• Award: premio
• Costume: vestuario
• Flop: fracaso
• Gossip column: columna de cotilleos
• Interval: intervalo
• Lighting: iluminación
• Review: crítica
• Role model: modelo a seguir
• Trendsetter: iniciador de una moda
• Venue: lugar

Action Verbs in Entertainment

• Boo: abuchear
• Cheer: aclamar
• Clap: aplaudir
• Encourage: animar
• Launch: lanzar
• Loathe: detestar
• Rehearse: ensayar
• Worship: adorar

Descriptive Adjectives

• Controversial: contradictorio
• Disgraceful: desagradable
• Disturbing: inquietante
• Gifted: dotado
• Moving: conmovedor
• Notorious: de mala fama
• Outrageous: extravagante
• Packed: lleno
• Prestigious: prestigioso
• Spoilt: consentido
• Stunning: guapísimo
• Wealthy: rico
• Weird: raro

Common Expressions and

A= empieza con consonante AN = empieza por vocal, 225 two hundred twenty-five. Hooks ganchos, bolts tornillo, clips and clamps abrazadera, ropes cuerda, springs arandela, screw tornillo, spring muelle, nut tuerca, fuse fusible, drill taladro, hose manguera, ruler regla, glove guantes, bulb bombilla, lead alargadera, pipe tubería, wheel rueda. Levers palancas, socket enchufe, fuse fusible. Person personas, man hombre, men hombres, woman mujer, women mujeres, child niño, children niños, foot pie, feet pies, tooth diente, teeth dientes, battery batería, batteries baterías, box caja, boxes cajas, lock cerradura, locks cerraduras, key llave, keys llaves.

There is (hay) singular, there are (hay) plural. Circle círculo, square cuadrado, triangle...

Common English Idioms

• Break the ice: Romper el hielo
• Break a promise: Romper una promesa
• Break a record: Batir un récord
• Break someone's heart: Romper el corazón a alguien
• Break the law: Infringir la ley
• Break the news: Dar la noticia
• Break a habit: Dejar un hábito
• Speak one's mind: Hablar claro
• Like talking to a wall: Como hablarle a la pared
• Straight from the horse's mouth: De primera mano
• Don't breathe a word: No decir ni una palabra
• Get a word in edgeways: Decir apenas algo
• I'm all ears: Soy todo oídos
• Beat about the bush: Andarse con rodeos

Essential Phrasal Verbs

Stand

• Stand by: Apoyar
• Stand up to: Hacer frente
• Stand up: Levantarse
• Stand in for: Sustituir
• Stand for: Significar
• Stand out: Destacar

Come

• Come round: Venir a visitar
• Come through: Sobrevivir
• Come

Essential English Basics

Common Questions with 'To Be'

Am Questions

• Where am I?
  ¿Dónde estoy?

• Am I not fired?
  ¿No estoy despedido?

• Am I dancing wrong?
  ¿Estoy bailando mal?

• Am I not going the right way?
  ¿No estoy yendo por el camino correcto?

• What am I doing?
  ¿Qué estoy haciendo?

• What am I going to do?
  ¿Qué voy a hacer?

Are Questions

• Are you a doctor?
  ¿Eres un médico?

• Are you practicing a lot?
  ¿Estás practicando mucho?

• Aren’t we going to the university now?
  ¿No estamos yendo a la universidad ahora?

• Are John and Paul the famous rock singers?
  ¿John y Paul son los famosos cantantes de rock?

• When are you leaving New York?
  ¿Cuándo te vas de Nueva York?

• How are they going to buy that expensive car?
  ¿Cómo van a hacer para comprar ese auto costoso?

Is Questions

• Is

Argumentative Essay Templates

Lately, this has not only been a popular topic, but it has also led some collectives to voice criticism of the mainstream attitude. It should be a crucial target for society, the state, the government, the administration, and educational establishments due to reliable sources. I firmly believe that this is a serious problem for us and our society.

Key Arguments and Evidence

• Firstly: It has been widely proven that...
• Evidence: An experiment that took place in [place] [number] years/months ago showed that... Indeed, if the experiment had not taken place, these shocking results would not have been brought to light.

On the whole, it is clear to me that... Furthermore, [x] ought to take action to fix this as soon as possible....

**Objectives of Oratory**

• Docere (to teach/logos)
• Delectare (to win over/ethos)
• Movere (to move/pathos)

**Invention**

Think about the context of the speech, research, and find examples.

**Disposition** (to order)

• Exordium (introduction): Captatio benevolentiae (ethos): capture interest
• Narratio (exposition of facts): basic information
• Partitio (exposition of points of agreement and disagreement): outline of the speech
• Confirmatio (exposition of arguments): body of the speech (logos)
• Reprehensio (refutation of other arguments)
• Conclusio: powerful ending

**Elocution**

Clear, simple, elegant. Three types of register:

• Simple (class)
• Medium (judgment)
• Elevated (meeting)

**Memory**

Memorize, use quotes, do not read.

**Action**

Voice, hand, body, clothing.

**Figures of