Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Common English Definitions

• Considered to be: Regarded as
• Mess around: Behave in a silly way or waste time
• Blame: Say that a certain thing is responsible for something bad
• Favouring: Giving somebody an advantage
• Get on with: Do without hesitation
• Hurry: Act quickly
• Countless: A great number of
• Chatting: Exchanging comments online
• Partner: A boyfriend or a girlfriend
• Come first: Are the most important things
• Blush: Go red with embarrassment
• Sincere: Honest, meaning what you say
• Cautious: Careful to avoid danger
• Nickname: Informal name used instead of your real name
• Something clicked: We got on well together
• Know someone inside out: Know someone really well
• Fierce: Strong
• Came up against: Encountered
• Opportunity: A chance
• Rare: Not common
• Turned into: Transformed

Vocabulary: War and Conflict Terminology

Key Nouns Related to Conflict

Allies

Aliados

Asymmetric Warfare

Guerra descompensada

Atrocities

Actos violentos

Border

Frontera

Civilian Government

Gobierno civil

Coalition

Coalición

Guerrilla Raids

Ataques inesperados por gente no militar

Insurgency

Insurgencia

Invasion

Invasión

Leader

Líder

Occupation

Ocupación

Security

Seguridad

Special Forces

Fuerzas especiales

Terrorist-Training Camps

Campos de entrenamiento de terroristas

Terrorists

Terroristas

Troops

Tropas

An Ambush

Una emboscada

Attack

Ataque

Forces

Fuerzas

Power

Poder / Potencia

The Ultimatum

Un ultimátum

War

Guerra

Essential War and Conflict Collocations

• Occupy a country
• Supply arms (to)
• Station troops (in)
• Make a breakthrough
• Break the stalemate
• Inflict casualties
• Put up resistance
• Suffer

Special Structures

Used to

~ Used to (solía): {used to + base form/ didn't/ did you used to…?} Cosas que hacía en el pasado, que ya no hace. Detrás del "used to" va un CD o un V.-ing. No se conjuga, se pone el verbo en forma base.

Would

~ Would: {would + base form} Verb en movimiento. Detrás del "would" va un infinitivo.

Be Used to (Estar acostumbrado)

~ Be used to: {(be) used to + object/ gerundio} Se conjuga el verbo "to be" y el "used to" queda igual. Detrás puede ir un CD o un V.-ing. Describe cosas a las que estamos acostumbrados.

Get Used to (Acostumbrarse a)

~ Get used to: {(get) used to + object/ gerundio} Se conjuga el "get" y el "used to" queda igual. Detrás puede ir un CD o un V.-ing. Describe algo en proceso de acostumbrarse. En...

Reported Speech: Rules and Examples

Statements (Enunciativas)

Direct: "I'm exhausted."
Reported: He said he was exhausted.

Questions (Preguntas)

Yes/No Questions

Direct: "Do you live in Malaga?"
Reported: He asked me if I lived in Malaga.

Wh- Questions

Direct: "Where do you go?"
Reported: He asked me where I went.

Commands (Órdenes)

Direct: "Don't talk," she said to him.
Reported: She told him not to talk.

Suggestions (Sugerencias)

Direct: Ellie: "Let's watch a comedy."
Reported Options:

• Ellie suggested watching a comedy.
• Ellie suggested that we watch a comedy.
• Structure: suggest + verb-ing or suggest + that + subject + verb.
• Ellie suggested we should watch a comedy.

Tense and Time Transformations

When converting to reported speech, tenses and time expressions...

Conditionals

Understanding and correctly using conditional sentences is crucial for clear communication in English. Here's a breakdown:

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple, present simple. (Used for general truths or facts)
• First Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive. (Used for real or likely future possibilities)
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive. (Used for hypothetical or unlikely situations)
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. (Used for unreal past situations and their hypothetical results)

Mixed Conditionals (less common, combining different types):

• If + past perfect, would + infinitive (Example: If I had studied harder, I would be a doctor now.)
• If + past simple, would have

English Grammar Reference: Voice and Speech

Active and Passive Voice Conjugation

The Passive Voice is formed using the verb "to be" + the Past Participle (3rd form or -ed), often followed by (by + agent).

Tense Shifts in Active and Passive Voice

• Present Simple (PS): examines → is examined
• Present Continuous (PC): is examining → is being examined
• Past Simple (Pa.S): examined → was examined
• Past Continuous (Pa.C): was examining → was being examined
• Present Perfect Simple (PPS): has/have examined → has been examined
• Past Perfect Simple (Pa.P.S): had examined → had been examined
• Future Simple (FS): will examine → will be examined

Passive Voice with Modals and Special Structures

• Modals: should examine → should be examined
• Modal Perfect (Mod.

English-Spanish Language Resources

Irregular Verbs List

• be (was, been) - ser
• become (became, become) - volver
• begin (began, begun) - empezar
• bite (bit, bitten) - morder
• break (broke, broken) - romper
• bring (brought, brought) - traer
• burn (burnt, burnt) - quemar
• buy (bought, bought) - comprar
• choose (chose, chosen) - elegir
• come (came, come) - venir
• cost (cost, cost) - costar
• cut (cut, cut) - cortar
• do (did, done) - hacer
• drink (drank, drunk) - beber
• eat (ate, eaten) - comer
• find (found, found) - encontrar
• forget (forgot, forgotten) - olvidar
• freeze (froze, frozen) - congelar
• get (got, got/gotten) - obtener
• give (gave, given) - dar
• go (went, gone) - ir
• have (had, had) - tener
• hear (heard, heard) - escuchar
• keep (kept, kept) - guardar
• know (knew, known) - saber
• leave (

Common English Expressions and Phrasal Verbs

• At all: Absolutely
• Right away / At once: Immediately. Example: Who goes at once to the beach?
• To be acquainted with / To be familiar with: To know someone or something slightly. Example: Raul was acquainted with Charlotte.
• For a lark: For fun. Example: I come to class for a lark.
• To take the cake: To be worse or the worst example of something.
• To take off: To leave the ground (e.g., an aircraft). Example: I will take off at 7 AM.
• Open up: To open.
• Show off: To boast or be snobbish.
• To be outraged: To be mad or furious.
• To burn up: To be hot (temperature).
• To put out: To extinguish (e.g., a fire).
• To put off: To postpone.

Historia de Internet y la Guerra de Navegadores

Orígenes y Figuras Clave

• Tim Berners-Lee:

English Vocabulary and Grammar Notes

Health and Fitness Vocabulary

• Disease: enfermedad
• Endurance: resistencia
• Mood: humor
• Pressure: presión
• Self-discipline: autodisciplina
• Sign: síntoma
• Trainer: entrenador

Health and Fitness Verbs & Phrases

• Avoid: evitar
• Break up: romper / disolver
• Chase: perseguir
• Come down with: coger una enfermedad
• Cut down on: reducir el consumo de
• Deal with: ocuparse de
• Enable: permitir
• Get over: recuperarse de
• Give up: rendirse
• Improve: mejorar
• Injure: lesionar
• Kick in: empezar a hacer efecto
• Last: durar
• Put on: ganar peso
• Run away: huir
• Sense: sentir
• Strengthen: fortalecer
• Take up: empezar a practicar
• Warm up: calentarse
• Work out: hacer ejercicio

Health and Fitness Adjectives

• Exhausted: agotado
• Fed up with: harto de
• Miserable: triste
• Nutritious:

Essential Phrases for Essays

Argumento (Argument)

1st Paragraph:

• In the first place = En primer lugar
• First of all = Antes que nada
• To start with = Para empezar
• At first sight = A primera vista

2nd Paragraph:

• Secondly = En Segundo lugar
• In the second place = En segundo lugar

3rd Paragraph:

• Finally = Por ultimo
• Lastly = Por ultimo
• In conclusion = Para concluir

Opinión (Opinion)

• In my opinion = En mi opinión
• In my point of view = En mi opinión
• From my point of view = Desde mi punto de vista
• Personally = Personalmente
• As far as I'm concerned = Por lo que a mí respecta

Contraste (Contrast)

• However = Sin embargo
• Nevertheless = No obstante
• On the one hand...on the other hand = Por una parte…otra parte
• Although = Aunque
• In spite of = A pesar de

Expresar Hechos (Expressing