Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

Connectors of Addition

• And: y
• Secondly: En segundo lugar
• Then / Next: Después / Luego
• Also / Too: También
• As well as: Además de
• Moreover / Furthermore: Además / Es más
• In fact / As a matter of fact: De hecho
• Actually: En realidad / De hecho
• Anyway: En cualquier caso / De todas formas
• Besides: Además / Aparte
• By the way: A propósito / Por cierto
• In other words: En otras palabras
• That is to say: O sea / Es decir
• In addition: Además
• Such as: Como / Por ejemplo
• Like: Como / Por ejemplo
• Above all: Sobre todo
• Or rather: O / O mejor

Adversative Connectors

• But: Pero
• However: Sin embargo
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless: No obstante
• Yet / Even so: Sin embargo / Aun así
• Still: De todas maneras
• Instead: En lugar de
• Whereas / While: Mientras que
• On the contrary: Al contrario
• On

Essential English Phrases and Verbs

Expressions with "Get"

• Get the impression -> Tener la impresión de
• Get the wrong end of the stick -> Entender mal
• Get the chance -> Tener la oportunidad
• Get the joke -> Entender la broma
• Get to know -> Descubrir algo
• Get hold of -> Conseguir
• Get rid of -> Deshacerse de algo
• Get one's own back on -> Tomar revancha
• Get into trouble with -> Meterse en problemas
• Get out of the way -> Moverse al otro sitio / Quitarse del medio

Idioms with "Get"

• Get real -> Abre los ojos
• Get a life -> Haz algo útil con tu vida / Haz algo con tu vida
• Not getting anywhere -> No llegar a nada
• Gets on my nerves -> Me pone nervioso
• Get her act together -> Hacer las cosas como se debe
• Get on like a house

• #5 ¿Cómo estás? – How are you?

  • (KOH-moh eh-STAHS)

• #6 ¿Cómo te va? – How’s it going?

  • (KOH-moh te vah)

• #7 ¿Cómo te ha ido? – How’ve you been?

  • (KOH-moh te ah EE-doh)

• #8 ¡Estoy bien ¡Gracias! – I’m fine, thanks

  • (eh-STOY bee-en GRA-thee-as/GRA-see-as)

• #9 ¿Y tú? – And you?

  • (ee too)

• #10 Bien/ Así así. – Good/ So-so

  • (bee-en / a-SEE a-SEE)

• #11 ¿Qué tal? – How are you?

  • (kay tal)

• #12 ¿Qué pasa? – What’s happening?

  • (kay PA-sa)

• #13 ¿Qué haces? – What are you doing?

  • (kay AH-says)

• #22 ¿Podría ayudarle? – Can I help you?

  • (poh-DREE-a ay-oo-DAR-le)

• #22 ¿Puede ayudarme? – Can you help me?

  • (PWE-day ay-oo-DAR-may)

• #23 ¡Sin problema! – No problem!

  • (sin prob-LAME-ah)

• #24 ¿Puede repetirlo? – Can you say that again?

  • (PWE-day re-pet-

Mastering the Passive Voice in English

Present Simple

Active: This singer writes many songs.

Passive: Many songs are written by this singer.

Past Simple

Active: This singer wrote many songs.

Passive: Many songs were written by this singer.

Future Simple

Active: This singer will write many songs.

Passive: Many songs will be written by this singer.

Present Continuous

Active: This singer is writing many songs.

Passive: Many songs are being written by this singer.

Past Continuous

Active: This singer was writing many songs.

Passive: Many songs were being written by this singer.

Present Perfect Simple

Active: This singer has written many songs.

Passive: Many songs have been written by this singer.

Past Perfect Simple

Active: This singer had written many songs.

Passive:...

Mastering English Grammar & Vocabulary

English Tenses and Time Expressions

• Present Simple: Actions, habits, facts. (e.g., do/don't)
• Present Continuous: Actions happening now. (e.g., is/are + -ing)
• Present Perfect: Actions that started in the past and continue or have a result in the present. (e.g., have/has + past participle)
• Present Perfect Continuous: Actions that started in the past, continue up to the present, and emphasize duration. (e.g., have/has + been + -ing)
• Past Simple: Completed actions in the past. (e.g., -ed or irregular verbs)
• Past Continuous: Actions ongoing in the past. (e.g., I was working)
• Past Perfect: Actions completed before another past action. (e.g., I had worked)
• Past Perfect Continuous: Actions ongoing before another past

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Conditional Expressions and Modals

Conditional Conjunctions

• As long as / Providing that (Únicamente si; 1º y 2º condicional)
• Unless (A menos que)
• Even if (Aunque)
• If only (Ojalá)

Perfect Modal Verbs

• Might / May / Could have + Past Participle (Algo que era posible en el pasado)
• Could have + Past Participle (Alternativa posible en el pasado)
• Must have + Past Participle (Certeza o deducción lógica en el pasado)
• Can't have + Past Participle (Algo era imposible en el pasado)
• Should have + Past Participle (Opinión sobre el pasado, ahora es tarde)
• Shouldn't have + Past Participle (Arrepentimiento o crítica sobre el pasado)

Other Modal Structures

• Had better + Infinitive or Had better not + Infinitive (Amenaza)

Common

Common English Idioms and Spanish Equivalents (26 Phrases)

1. Between the devil and the deep sea / Entre la espada y la pared.
2. Great talkers are little doers / Menos hablar y más trabajar.
3. Barking dogs seldom bite / Perro ladrador poco mordedor.
4. Better late than never / Más vale tarde que nunca.
5. Birds of a feather flock together / Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.
6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush / Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando.
7. Call a spade a spade / Al pan, pan y al vino, vino.
8. Charity begins at home / La caridad empieza por uno mismo.
9. All that glitters is not gold / No es oro todo lo que parece.
10. He laughs best who laughs last / Quien ríe el último, ríe mejor.
11. When in Rome, do as the Romans do / Donde fueres, haz lo que vieres.

English Grammar Practice: Translations, Tenses, and Passive Voice

Spanish to English Translations

Practice translating common Spanish phrases into correct English sentences. Pay attention to prepositions, articles, and verb forms.

• Hay muchos cines en el centro de la ciudad. There are many cinemas in the city center.
• ¿A qué hora llegaste a Madrid? What time did you arrive in Madrid?
• Andrés se fue a Francia ayer. Yesterday, Andres went to France.
• Normalmente no nos acostamos muy tarde. We usually don't go to bed very late.
• No están en casa. Se han ido al cine. They aren't at home. They have gone to the cinema.
• Era muy tarde cuando llegué a casa. It was very late when I got home.
• Normalmente llego a la oficina a las 8.15. I usually arrive at the office

Additives and Junk Food

Additives in junk food can have a detrimental effect on both physical and mental well-being. These comida basura often lack essential nutrients, leading to deficits and imbalances that can manifest as various symptoms, including:

• Restlessness (inquietud)
• Mood swings
• Sweaty and panicky episodes

Over-reliance on junk food can contribute to a worsening (decline) in overall health and increase the risk of chronic diseases.

Side Effects and Long-Term Consequences

The harmful (dañino) effects of a poor diet extend beyond immediate discomfort. Over-prescription (exceso de prescripción) of medications and over-reliance (sobre confianza) on quick fixes can mask underlying nutritional deficiencies. This can create a vicious cycle...

English Vocabulary and Word Families

Below is a list of related English terms, their grammatical categories, and Spanish translations.

Science and Literacy Terms

• Scientist (n) → Científico (n)
• Scientific (adj) → Científico (adj)
• Scientifically (adv) → Científicamente (adv)
• Science (n) → Ciencia (n)
• Illiteracy (n) → Analfabetismo (n)
• Literacy (n) → Alfabetización (n)
• Literate (adj) → Alfabetizado (adj)
• Illiterate (adj) → Analfabeto (adj)

Tolerance and Expectation Terms

• Permissive (adj) → Tolerante (adj)
• Permission (n) → Permiso (n)
• Permitted (adj) → Permitido (adj)
• Permit (v) → Permitir (v)
• Expectations (n) → Expectativas (n)
• Expect (v) → Esperar (v)
• Expecting (v) → Estar embarazada (v) (Contextual meaning)
• Expectancy (n) →