Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

English–Spanish Vocabulary and Useful Phrases

Phrases and Translations

• Chat: conversación.
• Complex: complejo.
• Develop: desarrollar.
• Express your feelings.
• Get the message across: transmitir tu mensaje.
• Get to the point.
• Interrupt.
• Keep in touch: mantener el contacto.
• Latest news: últimas noticias.
• Lighten up: animar, suavizar.
• Manage: manejar.
• Notice: advertir, aviso.
• Post: publicar.
• Properly: adecuado.
• Social media.
• Spread: esparcir.
• Talk something over: hablar de algo.
• Text messaging.
• Upload: subir.
• View: ver.
• Worldwide: por todo el mundo.
• Abroad: en el extranjero.
• An only child: hijo único.
• Fluent: fluido.
• Hang out: dar una vuelta.
• Last a lifetime: toda una vida.
• Nightlife: vida nocturna.
• Run a business: dirigir un negocio.
• Challenging: desafiante.
• Amusing: entretenida.

English Verb Tenses: Perfect and Continuous Forms

Present Perfect Simple: He Terminado

Keywords: how long, for, since, yet, never, ever, already

• Affirmative: S + have/has + verb (-ed or 3rd column)
• Negative: S + haven't/hasn't + verb (-ed or 3rd column)

Past Perfect Simple: Había Terminado

Keywords: after, before, when, by the time

Nota: Para diferenciarlo del Past Simple, el Past Simple es más cercano al presente y aparece como verbo principal.

• Affirmative: S + had + verb (-ed or 3rd column)
• Negative: S + hadn't + verb (-ed or 3rd column)

Future Perfect Simple: Habré Terminado

Keywords: Siempre que aparece "by"

• Affirmative: S + will + have + verb (-ed or 3rd column)
• Negative: S + won't + have + verb (-ed or 3rd column)

Present Perfect Continuous: He

Career Vocabulary

• apply for a job -> aplicar a un trabajo / solicitar un trabajo
• claim benefits -> reclamar beneficios
• do a course -> hacer un curso
• do a degree -> obtener un título universitario
• do an assignment -> hacer una tarea / hacer un encargo
• do business -> hacer negocios
• do your homework -> hacer los deberes
• drop out (of university) -> abandonar la universidad
• get a job -> conseguir un trabajo
• get fired -> ser despedido
• get good/bad grades -> obtener buenas/malas calificaciones
• get paid -> recibir el pago / ser pagado
• get promoted -> ser ascendido
• graduate from university -> graduarse de la universidad
• leave school -> dejar la escuela
• pass an exam -> pasar un examen
• pass with flying colours -> aprobar

Enhance your English proficiency with this curated list of key terms and their Spanish equivalents or definitions. Perfect for students and language learners looking to expand their vocabulary.

• Hereditary (hereditario)
• Sitting exams (hacer un examen)
• Surroundings (lugar y condiciones en el que alguien vive; entorno)
• Come up (aparecer, venir)
• Reinforcing (reforzar)
• Get through (superar, salir adelante)
• Proof (prueba)
• Leave out (dejar fuera)
• Passed on (pasar algo, transmitir)
• Pick up (recoger información)
• Convinced (convencido)
• Swot up on (empollar)
• Adhered to (tener alguna creencia religiosa; adherirse a)
• Work out (planear algo, resolver)
• Cerebral (cerebral)
• Lack (falta de)
• Accomplished (hábil, consumado)
• Flaw (error, defecto)
• Ignorant (ignorante)
• Brought up

Useful English Phrases for Writing

On the one hand, On the other hand, Although, However, In addition, Also, As well as.

Example Phrases for Movie Reviews

• The movie shows...
• It seems to me a fascinating film.
• You will enjoy it. I recommend it to everyone.

About Me, My Hobbies, and Future Plans

My name is G. I'm 16 years old. I live in Soria. I don't have any brothers. I am an only child.

I'm a very friendly person, and people say I'm quite shy. I enjoy sports and often play badminton after school and at weekends. However, my greatest love is technology, especially computers. When I grow up, I want to be a programmer and invent fun games. Now, in my free time, I hang out with my friends, go to the cinema, or watch TV.

My plans for the future are to study...

English Connectors

Addition Connectors

• Also, in addition, and furthermore: Used after a period and followed by a comma.
• Moreover (además)
• Besides (además)
• As well as (además de)

Contrast Connectors

• On the one hand / on the other hand
• But
• Although
• While
• In spite of (no obstante)
• However (aunque)
• Even though (a pesar de)
• Despite (a pesar de)
• Nevertheless (sin embargo): These are always used after a period and followed by a comma.

Reported Speech

Verb Form Changes

• Present Simple → Past Simple: lives → lived
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: is living → was living
• Past Simple → Past Perfect Simple: lived → had lived
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: was living → had been living
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect Simple: has lived → had

Present Simple: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + Verb (add -s/-es for third person singular)
• Negative: Subject + do not/don't + base verb / He/She/It + does not/doesn't + base verb
• Interrogative: Do + Subject + base verb? / Does + He/She/It + base verb?

Uses

• Habitual actions (e.g., always, usually, often, hardly ever, seldom, never, twice a week, every month). Example: I have a shower every morning.
• Personal information, facts, and general truths.

Present Continuous: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing
• Negative: Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb + -ing
• Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb + -ing?

Uses

• Actions happening now or around now.
• Future plans (e.g., now, tomorrow, tonight, this evening, this week,

Passive Voice

Tenses

• Present Simple: am/is/are + past participle
• Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + past participle
• Present Perfect: have/has + been + past participle
• Past Simple: was/were + past participle
• Past Continuous: was/were + being + past participle
• Past Perfect: had + been + past participle
• Future Simple: will + be + past participle
• Future Perfect: will + have + been + past participle

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional (Universal Truths): If + present, present
• First Conditional (Reality): If + present simple, will/can/must + infinitive
• Second Conditional (Unlikely): If + past simple, would/could/might + infinitive
• Third Conditional (Missed Opportunity): If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle

Reported Speech

• Present Simple →

Informal Email/Letter Structure

Greeting: Hi Juanjo,

Sorry that I haven't been in touch for a while, but I've been ill. I had a temperature of 40ºC, so I've been in bed for five days. I'm feeling a bit better today, so I've been catching up on my emails.

How are you? What have you been doing? I hear everyone is fine. My mother is stressed with work and taking care of my brother Alix, which is just as naughty as ever. How is your family? I hope they're well.

[Invent something relevant to the topic here.]

Well, that's all for now. Please give my regards to your family. I hope to hear from you soon.

Take care,

SANDRA

Useful Expressions

• Sorry to hear about your exam results.
• Glad to hear that you're all well (Encantado de saber que estás bien).
• Good luck

Present Simple

Usage: Habits and facts (e.g., I eat, I dance).

• Affirmative: I eat, she sleeps.
• Negative: I don't, she doesn't sleep.
• Frequency Adverbs (before the verb): Always, usually, never, sometimes, often, hardly ever, seldom, rarely.
• Time Expressions: Every day/week/month, in the evening/morning/afternoon, at night, on Mondays, once/twice a year/month.

Present Continuous

Usage: Actions happening now (e.g., I am... -ing).

• Affirmative: I am watching.
• Negative: She is not watching.
• Time Expressions (Start): Now, at the moment, at present, just now, right now.
• Time Expressions (End): Tonight, tomorrow, next week/day, in two days, on Sunday, the day after tomorrow.

Past Simple

Usage: Completed actions (e.g., I walked, I was, I was).

• Affirmative: I ate,