Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Physics for Baccalaureate

Magnetic Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic Materials

When a magnetic material is subjected to a changing magnetic field intensity (H), the magnetic induction (B) lags behind. This phenomenon is known as magnetic hysteresis. (See Figure 1). When a ferromagnetic substance is subjected to a cyclical (alternating positive and negative) magnetic field intensity, it traces a hysteresis loop.

Key points on the hysteresis curve (See Figure 1):

• O-B: Magnetization curve.
• O-R: Residual magnetization.
• O-D: Coercive force.

When applying an alternating magnetization intensity (+ and -) to a ferromagnetic substance, the resulting hysteresis loop is shown in the image. The magnetic induction (B) lags behind the magnetic field intensity (H). At point B, even when H = 0,...

Diphthongs: is a combination of two vocalic elements. There`s a glide from one vocalic element to another. The first sound in each Terms in stronger the second one. They are all voiced, are stressed in the very Beginning and all have falling intonation. They are grouping for their ending. The similarities between a long vowel and a diphthong is that they have the Same length, affected by a pre fortis clip.

CENTRING are called like this because glides towards to Central elements.

/i shaw/ The glides begins in the position for /i/ Moving down and back towards /shaw/ lips neutral BEER BEARD FEAR HERE

/u shaw/ The glides begins with the position for /u/ Moving forwards and towards /shaw/ lips loosely rounded SURE MOOR TOUR OBSCURE                 

Vocab. 1

:

• go shopping
• hang out (penjar)
• listen to music
• play computer games
• read a magazine
• surf the net (navegar)
• watch sport on TV
• dull (avorrit)
• enjoyable (agradable)
• exciting
• frustrating
• interesting
• relaxing
• average (mitjana)
• correlation
• less than half (menys de la meitat)
• majority
• minority
• percentage
• survey (enquesta)

Vocab. 2

:

• adventure
• characters (personatges)
• context
• fantasy
• legend
• myth (mite)
• plot (trama)
• scene
• science fiction
• sript (guió)
• story
• tale (conte)
• angry
• comical
• courageous
• cowardly
• resourceful (ingeniós)
• sentimental
• spiteful (malèvol)
• genre
• metaphore
• moral
• setting (configuració)
• simile
• synopsis
• check over (revisar)
• come to
• come up with (presentar)
• work at
• go back to
• get across
• turn over (entregar)
• write down (apuntar-se)
• carefully
• completely
• convincingly
• daringly (atrevidament)

Analytic Geometry: Distances and Angles

Distance Between a Point and a Line

The distance of a point, P, to a line, r, is the smallest distance from the point to the infinite points on the line.

This distance corresponds to the perpendicular from the point to the line.

Distance Between Parallel Lines

The distance of a line, r, to another parallel line, s, is the distance from any point on r to s.

Distance Between Intersecting Lines

The distance between two intersecting lines is measured along the common perpendicular.

Let and be the direction vectors of the lines r and s.

Vectors determine a parallelepiped whose height is the distance between the two lines.

The volume of a parallelepiped is .

Given that the volume is the absolute value of the scalar...

Discobolus

Historical Context

This sculpture exemplifies the free style characteristic of the Classical Greek period. During this era, artists were greatly concerned with portraying balanced proportions of human anatomy, striving to achieve the ideal model of human beauty. To accomplish this, muscles are depicted in a more rounded and naturalistic manner, contrasting with the Praxitelean curve. Stiffness and frontality, typical of earlier periods, were abandoned in favor of a canon of mathematical proportion between the head and body. One piece, the Riace Warriors, could be the work of Alcamenes, a disciple of Polyclitus and Phidias. An old saying claims that this sculptor was the inventor of the "X" composition and the first to accurately represent...

Motion in a Straight Line

V=u+at[V-T relation] (a=slope=∆x/∆ y=v-u/t)

S=ut+1/2at² [Position-T relation](displacement=area under V-T Graph=Area of rectangle+area of triangle)

v² =u² +2as[Position-velocity relation](displacement=area of trapezium=[a+b/2]h

S=v² -u² /2a

stopping distance: S=-u² /2a

Motion In a Plane

cosθ =Ax/A

sinθ =Ay/A

tanθ = Ay/Ax

| sin²θ+cos²θ=1|

magnitude of a vector; A= √Ax² +Ay²+Az² = √ Ax² +Ay²

substraction of vectors: A-B = A+(-B)

//logram law of vector addition :- [R=A+B][PN=Bcosθ][SN=Bsinθ] [R=√vb²+vc²+2VbVcCosθ

Time of flight:T=2usinθ/g→Full motion [uSinθ/g→half]

Max height: H=u²sinθ/2g

horizontal range:R=u²sin2θ/g [sin2θ =2sSnθCosθ]

Angular velocity/speed : ω(angular V) = ∆θ/∆t

linear...

Space Exploration Vocabulary

Satellite: An artificial body placed in orbit around the Earth, Moon, or another planet to collect information or for communication.

Man-made: Caused by human beings.

Atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet.

Gravity: The force that attracts a body towards the center of the Earth or towards any other physical body having mass.

Space Capsule: A small spacecraft or the part of a larger one that contains the instruments or crew.

Cosmonaut: An astronaut of the Soviet or Russian space program.

Orbit (verb): To move in orbit around a star or planet.

Re-enter: To go back to a place where you were earlier or to an activity that you did or were doing earlier.

Spacecraft: A vehicle used for traveling...

The Gothic Novel

Origins and Conventions

Gothic literature, a movement that focused on ruin, decay, death, terror, and chaos, and privileged irrationality and passion over rationality and reason, grew in response to the historical, sociological, psychological, and political contexts of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Although Horace Walpole is credited with producing the first Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto, in 1764, his work was built on a foundation of several elements. Walpole’s novel was wildly popular, and his novel introduced most of the stock conventions of the genre:

• An intricate plot
• Stock characters
• Subterranean labyrinths
• Ruined castles
• Supernatural occurrences

While it may be comparatively easy to date the beginning...

Sound: Concepts and Characteristics

In physics, sound is defined as a periodic perturbation in air. It is a mechanical longitudinal wave, where the motion of particles in the medium travels in the same direction as the wave, which propagates through an elastic medium. This periodic perturbation originates sound waves.

For sound to be produced, there must be vibrating matter and an elastic medium. For example, a guitar's vibrating strings produce sound.

Speed of Sound

The speed of sound (v) is calculated depending on the medium of propagation. In air, its speed is 331 m/s at 0°C and 1 atm. To estimate the speed of sound in air at different temperatures, the following formula is used:

Where temperature is measured in °C.

Speed of Sound in Various

Defining the Universe

The Universe is the totality of space and time, all forms of matter, energy, momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. However, the term universe can be used in slightly different contextual senses, referring to concepts such as the cosmos, the world, or nature.

Age, Size, and the Big Bang

Astronomical measurements indicate that the Universe has an age of $13.73 \pm 0.12$ billion years and is at least 93 billion light-years wide.¹

The event believed to have begun the Universe is called the Big Bang. At that moment, all matter and energy in the observable Universe was concentrated at a point of infinite density. Following the Big Bang, the Universe began to expand to reach its current condition, and it...