Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Design and Engineering for Baccalaureate

Mechanical and Electromechanical Sensors

These sensors detect physical properties like displacement, pressure, acceleration, and force.

• Strain gauges: Used for measuring deformation or strain in materials.
• Accelerometers: Designed for measuring acceleration.
• Pressure sensors: Utilized for measuring fluid or gas pressure.

Thermal Sensors

Thermal sensors measure temperature variations through changes in electrical properties, thermal expansion, or thermal radiation.

• Thermocouples: These generate a voltage proportional to temperature difference.
• Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs): These measure resistance changes with temperature.
• Infrared sensors: These detect thermal radiation to measure temperature without contact.

Magnetic Sensors

Magnetic sensors...

Industrial Control Systems Fundamentals

PLC and Control Logic Principles

• ON/OFF Control: Always oscillation is true.
• PNP Digital Input: Normally closed switch logical value 0 is true.
• PLC Architecture: Two basic forms are block/compact I/O and rack/modular mount I/O (true).
• Transistor PLC Outputs: Provide low electrical power at high frequencies (100Hz) is true.
• Electrical Wiring: Systems perform real-time control of industrial processes (true).
• Proportional Control: Ability to eliminate steady-state error is false.
• Memory Storage: User programs are loaded into PLC ROM memory (true).
• NC Control: Controls several parameters, including servomotor current (true).
• PLC Digital Inputs: High-frequency binary signals (≥1KHz) is false.
• Programming Standards:

Remote Sensing Digital Image Acquisition

The process of obtaining digital images from satellite sensors involves capturing electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface.

Characteristics of Digital Images

Digital images are composed of a grid of small units called pixels. Each pixel represents the minimum area detected on the ground and corresponds to a specific intensity value, which determines its shade of gray.

Sensor Resolution Capabilities

Resolution measures a sensor's ability to discriminate detail. There are four primary types of resolution:

• Spatial Resolution: The pixel size, representing the smallest area that can be distinguished from its surroundings. This is highly variable.
• Temporal Resolution: The frequency

Feasibility Study

This phase includes a brief description of the proposed system and its features, along with an analysis of business requirements. It defines the organization of the development team, assigns responsibilities, estimates costs, sets tentative planning and delivery dates, and evaluates system benefits.

Analysis

This stage focuses on capturing requirements, including an analysis of the current system and new user needs. It covers:

• System description
• Data requirements
• Telecommunications requirements
• Hardware requirements
• Integration test plan

Design

A detailed description of the system architecture, including:

• Programs, reusable modules, and objects
• Files, databases, and transactions
• Data dictionary and procedures
• System load and response times
• Human

Teaching Writing Skills

TX 6: Written communication: different types of written texts, structure and formal elements, norms governing written texts, routines and formulae.

1. Introduction

In writing and communication, the following areas are covered: 2. Writing language acquisition, 2.1 Reading and writing, 3. Types of texts, 4. Components and rules governing written communication, 4.1 Components, 4.2 Rules, 5. Didactics, 6. Conclusion, 7. Bibliography.

2. Writing Language Acquisition

2.1 Written language acquisition is much more complex than oral language acquisition. There are three levels of development in this process:

• Control over psychomotor skills
• Acquisition of translation rules between sounds and graphic forms
• Acquisition of structural rules

Defending the Theory of Mind (IT)

The Theory of Mind (IT) can be defended in two ways:

• Impossibility of the PMM: It is impossible to determine if two subjects are in identical mental states, as these states are private and unique.
• PMM Credibility: Even if the PMM is accepted, it can be argued that this principle applies to individuals of different natures, such as animals (e.g., a rooster) and humans (e.g., Vladimir). In any case, IT implementation would need to be developed specifically for each cluster.

Classical Processing vs. Connectionist Models

Classical processing models are based on the idea that mental states are computational states defined by symbol manipulation. These systems operate under the premise that the brain functions like a...

V. Neurocomputacional Theory of Mind
The advances that occur in the field of neuroscience, the feasibility study of brain processes and development of models of mind detached from traditional computer models will allow development of a Neurocomputacional Theory of Mind. The NWT is linked to the abandonment of a principle that is deemed essential in Classical Cognitive Science: mental states are computational states and computing involves the manipulation of symbols. The adoption of this principle led to the development of the "computer metaphor" and the idea that cognitive processes are computational processes in the sense that we talk about when we refer to computing what makes a conventional computer.
The crisis of classical computing systems...

Series Voltage Regulator Vmin = 8V, Vmax = 14V, Vz = 6.8V, ILmin = 40mA, ILmax = 70mA, Izmin = 5mA, Izmax = 100mA, β = 50, RS1 = (V_min − V_Z) / (I_Zmin + (I_Lmax / β)) = (8 − 6.8) / (5 mA + (70 mA / 50)) = 187 Ω, RS2 = (V_max − V_Z) / (I_Zmax + (I_Lmin / β)) = (14 − 6.8) / (100 mA + (40 mA / 50)) = 71 Ω, Select RS = average of RS1 and RS2 = 129 Ω ≈ 120 Ω (standard), Select RL as 1k pot.

I

RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Design of the amplifier: Select transistor BC107. It can provide a gain of more than 29 because its minimum h_FE is 100.

DC biasing conditions: V_CC = 12 V, I_C = 2 mA, V_RC = 40% of V_CC = 4.8 V, V_RE = 10% of V_CC = 1.2 V, V_CE = 50% of V_CC = 6 V.

Design of R_C: V_RC = I_C × R_C, R_C = V_RC / I_C = 4.8 / 2 = 2.4 kΩ.

Design of R_E: V_RE...

Ejercicio 1

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ejercicio1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner leer = new Scanner(System.in);
        int nota = 0;
        while (nota != -1) {
            System.out.println("Ingrese su nota del 1 al 20");
            nota = leer.nextInt();
            if (nota <= 20 && nota >= 18) {
                System.out.println("A");
            } else {
                if (nota >= 16 && nota < 18) {
                    System.out.println("B");
                } else {
                    if (nota >= 13 && nota < 16) {
                        System.out.println("C");
                    } else {
                        if (nota >= 10 &&

Zgradba skeletne mišice

Kako je zgrajena skeletna mišica (musculus), kolikšen % telesne teže obsega in kaj omogoča?
Skeletna mišica je zgrajena iz mišičnih celic, ki so dolge in tanke ter jim pravimo mišična vlakna. Mišica obsega približno 40 % telesne teže in omogoča premikanje znotraj sklepov ter posledično gibanje telesa v celoti.

Skeletna mišica in njeno delovanje

Skeletne mišice so povezane z okostjem preko kit, so odgovorne za premikanje in gibanje telesa.

Mišična kontrakcija

Kako pride do mišične kontrakcije?
Do krčenja pride tako, da tanki aktinski filamenti drsijo vmes med debelimi miozinskimi filamenti.

Kako so zgrajena mišična vlakna?
Mišična vlakna so zgrajena iz miofibril, v katerih dejansko prihaja do mišične...