Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Vocational training

A. Cultural Factors

Cultural factors encompass the ideas, values, and beliefs that act as a guide in our lives, strongly influencing our buying and eating habits. The merchandiser must organize the point of sale by adding appropriate stimuli to meet current needs.

Social Classes

High, medium, and low social classes each require specific types of businesses, products, and services.

B. Social Factors

• Reference groups:
  • Aspiration group: The person does not belong but identifies with the group, mimics behavior, and buys to feel equal.
  • Membership group: The group to which one belongs (family, friends, work). Purchases are made to fit in with others.
  • Dissociation group: A group to which the person does not belong and rejects.

C. Personal Factors

• Lifestyle:

Description: Linguistic Levels

Morphological Level

• Use of past and present tenses, imperfective in character.
• Dominance of the third person.
• Abundance of appreciative suffixation, especially in subjective descriptions.

Syntactic Level

• Prevalence of declarative sentences.
• Preference for attributive sentences.
• Importance of nouns to designate the described entity.
• Utilization of adjectives or adjectival phrases to characterize the described.

Semantic Level

• Use of state verbs.
• Importance of descriptive, relational, or membership adjectives in objective descriptions.
• Presence of adverbs or adverbial constructions indicating place, time, or manner.

Exposition: Linguistic Levels

Morphological Level

• Prevalence of the third person as a mark of objectivity, though

Teatro Lope de Vega

• Break with classical tradition: Breaks the unity of time and place. Every action is developed in three acts, combining the tragic and the comic.
• Variety of subjects: Focuses on honor and love.
• Language and versification: Uses popular language; comedies are written in verse.
• Characters: They represent collective ideals of the time (powerful knight, villain, gallant, lady).

Teatro Calderón de la Barca

• Themes: Complex philosophical works (universal human concerns, life, death) and religious themes (showing the dogmas of the Church).
• Language: Employs stylistic devices for formal beauty.
• Structure: Uses subheadings and the technique of the monologue.
• Characters: Reduced number of characters, defined by their social class.
• Staging: Adapted

Christ in Glory with Saints, A. Carracci (1597-1598)

This work is related to Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, who would be a great protector from 1594 to 1605. Odoardo was the brother of Ranuccio Farnese, both sons of Alexander Farnese. Odoardo was made a cardinal in 1591; he moved to Rome and settled in the Palazzo Farnese. The palace had been completed, but its decor had not. He called the Carracci, who had previously worked with him in Parma. The figure of the donor is part of that sacred conversation. He appears with the cardinal's red cape and is protected by St. Edward, and before him, St. Hermenegildo. Behind them is Santa Catalina, as is always depicted. The composition is the same as previous ones: division between the two parts, figures in...

Scientific and Technical Texts

Science is also developing a theoretical approach. The mental construction of explanatory models must have a precise language, rigorous, logical structure. The characteristics of scientific content are:

• Universal Validity: A scientific principle is valid in any place.
• Objectivity: Several explanations can be proposed, and testing will be required to support them.
• Need for Rigor and Clarity in Exposition: Scientific language is characterized by:

1. Monosemy: The use of a term with a single meaning.
2. Abundant use of techniques specific to each discipline.
3. Predominance of adjectives that clarify the meaning of the noun.
4. Use of the article for generalization.
5. Utilization of passive and adverbial clauses.

Scientific language is...

Islamic Art: An Overview

ISLAM: Islamic art flourished within diverse contexts, from settled communities to nomadic cultures. Islam originated in Arabia in 622 AD when Muhammad fled to Medina from Mecca. The religion's central text is the Koran.

Within a century, Islam and its culture spread through military conquests, reaching from India to Spain, establishing a relatively homogeneous culture. Key contributions include advancements in business, science, philosophy, agriculture, and urban development.

Urban Planning and Architecture

Urban life, characterized by narrow streets, centered around key areas: corners (groupings of buildings, shops, workshops, and markets), bathhouses, residences, palaces, madrassas (Koranic schools), and mosques (prayer...

Essential Office Spanish Vocabulary

• Black and white → Blanco y negro
• Colour (adj) → En color
• Paper jam → Atasco de papel

• Remove → Quitar
• Replace → Reemplazar
• Side → (Cara) de un folio
• Size → Tamaño

Documents and Printed Materials

• Catalogue → Catálogo
• Chart → Esquema, tabla
• Diagram → Diagrama
• Drawing → Dibujo
• Instruction manual → Manual de instrucciones
• Label → Etiqueta
• Magazine article → Artículo de revista
• Poster → Póster

Describing Things

• Big → Grande
• Close → Cerca
• Dark → Oscuro
• Enlarge → Agrandar
• Long → Largo
• Narrow → Estrecho
• New → Nuevo
• Old → Viejo
• Open → Abrir
• Reduce → Reducir
• Short → Corto
• Small → Pequeño
•...

Marketing and Research Techniques

1. Brainstorming

Characterized by bringing together a group of people to discuss a topic. It aims to generate ideas among all participants and select the best ones from the brainstorming session.

2. Delphi Method

The Delphi method presents the following characteristics:

• Anonymity: Participants are unknown to each other, and even personal data remains confidential. Anonymity allows individuals to express their opinions freely without fear of judgment.
• Moderator: A moderator guides the discussion and ensures the group stays focused on the topic.
• Free Response Interviews: Respondents answer interview questions openly. While there's a possibility of insincere answers, it's often balanced by the diverse perspectives of

Communication Elements

• Issuer: Produces or encodes the message.
• Receiver: Decodes the received message.
• Code: Signs and a set of combined rules.
• Message: Composed or encoded by the issuer, in compliance with the code.
• Channel: Medium through which the message is transmitted.
• Context: The situation surrounding message transmission.
• Redundancy: Repetition for clarity or emphasis.
• Information: The content of the message.

Functions of Language

• Referential (Representative) Function: Conveys objective information about reality.
• Expressive (Emotive) Function: Conveys the sender's feelings or attitudes.
• Conative (Appellative) Function: Aims to influence or persuade the receiver.
• Phatic Function: Establishes, maintains, or closes communication channels.
• Poetic Function:

Principais Religiões Cristãs da Reforma Protestante

Igreja Católica:

• Livro sagrado: A Bíblia é a fonte da fé, mas deve ser interpretada pelos padres e pela Igreja. A tradição católica também é fonte de fé, assim como o Magistério.
• Salvação humana: salvação pela fé e boas obras.
• Sacramentos: 7 sacramentos: Batismo, Crisma, Eucaristia, Penitência, Matrimônio, Ordem e Extrema-unção.
• Rito religioso: missa em latim.
• Principais áreas de influência europeia: Espanha, Portugal, Itália, sul da Alemanha, e da maioria dos franceses e irlandeses.

Luteranismo

• Livro sagrado: A Bíblia é a única fonte de fé. Permite-se o livre exame.
• Salvação humana: salvação pela fé em Deus.
• Sacramentos: 2, Batismo e Eucaristia.
• Rito religioso: liturgia