Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Other courses

Why Barcelona Changed Its Image

Why has Barcelona changed its image in recent years? In recent years, Barcelona's branding has slowly changed, mainly because the old tourist image started to cause problems.

In the past, Barcelona was mostly known for tourism, beaches and nightlife. This image attracted many visitors and became very popular. However, over time the negative effects of mass tourism began to accumulate. For many people from the working and middle classes, the city started to focus more on visitors with a premium price tag.

From Tourism to a More Realistic City Image

Because of this, the city decided to change its image. Nowadays, Barcelona tries to show a more realistic side. Recent campaigns focus more on local neighbourhoods, culture...

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

Author: Master builders Bernardo the Elder, Robert, and Stephen worked on its construction.

Timeline: Construction began in 1075, and it became the largest Romanesque church in Spain. Its construction lasted a century, and it was later partially rebuilt during the Baroque period.

Location: Santiago de Compostela, Galicia.

Architectural Description

The building features a Latin cross plan with three naves. The high central nave is covered with a barrel vault reinforced by transverse arches, while the lateral aisles are groin-vaulted. The separation between the naves is achieved through round arches supported on compound pillars. Above the side aisles, a gallery (tribune) was built, a feature typically found in...

The Middle Ages: A Transitional Era

The Middle Ages is the historical period of Western civilization between the 5th century and the 15th century. Conventionally, its start lies in the fall of the Western Roman Empire, ending with the discovery of America in 1492 or the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. This latter date has the advantage of coinciding with the invention of printing (the Gutenberg Bible) and the end of the Hundred Years' War. Although there are some examples of prior use, the medieval concept was born as the second age of the traditional division of historical time. This is attributed to Christopher Cellarius, who considered it an intermediate time with little value in itself, situated between Ancient history—identified...

Semiotics: Signs, Symbols, Icons & Branding

Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. It encompasses designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Essentially, semiotics explores how words and other signs create meaning. In this field, a sign is anything that stands in for something other than itself.

• Signs produce meaning.
• A sign signifies something.
• Meaning is socially produced through signs, symbols, and icons.

Non-Vocal Communications

Signals, signs, and symbols represent a separate form of language.

• Signifier: The physical existence of an object (e.g., the word "tree").
• Signified: The mental concept or idea associated with the object (e.g., the image of a tree in your

Mannerism

Overview

Mannerism emerged at the end of the 16th century as a reaction to the ideals of the Renaissance. It is characterized by a focus on self-expression and emotional intensity, often through exaggerated forms and poses.

Features

• Unnatural poses and elongated bodies
• Exaggeration and dramatism
• Extreme use of decorative elements
• Stylized beauty in an unrealistic manner
• Use of "artificial" colors (vivid contrasts and acid tones)
• A tendency towards self-expressionism

Pioneer Artist

• Parmigianino
  • Notable works: Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror, Madonna with the Long Neck

Fun Fact

The term "Mannerism" was initially used to criticize late Renaissance art for its perceived excesses and lack of proportion.

Baroque

Overview

The Baroque period spanned the...

Saint Pierre of Moissac

On-Time: XII century

Historical Context

The High Middle Ages (spanning the 11th to 13th centuries) represent a period of rural art and feudalism. Feudalism emerged in France after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, as monarchies were unable to defend the population. Consequently, farmers sought protection from nobles and clergy by establishing dependency covenants.

Before the year 1000, Europe experienced significant instability. The Book of Revelation fueled fears of the world ending, leading to a surge in religious devotion. As the year 1000 passed, pilgrimage centers in Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela flourished, with pilgrims expressing gratitude for their survival.

• Society: Estates-

Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo

Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo: Art in Europe and the Classical rebirth resulted in two successive movements: Mannerism and Baroque. The first, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed the distortion of light and space within the work in order to emphasize the emotional content and the feelings of the artist. Mannerism is a period of profound transition and artistic crisis.

Baroque art took the techniques of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail and movement in search of beauty. It is often noted for being an ornate art, which gives special emphasis to the expressive and often exaggerated. To some art historians, the emphasis that Baroque art gives to grandeur is seen as a...

Avant-Garde Movements: A Reaction to Tradition

A series of influential movements across Europe reacted against romantic subjectivism and traditional realism, profoundly shaping modern art and literature.

Futurism: Embracing the New Century

Futurism championed the neglect of emotional and 'romantic' issues, instead admiring the technical advances of the new century: machines, industry, and sports.

Cubism: Pictorial Breakdown of Reality

Cubism was a movement that sought the pictorial breakdown of traditional images into various angles and perspectives. It emerged through the paintings of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris. Its literary adapter was the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, inventor of the calligrams.

Dadaism: Breaking with Bourgeois

Research for Design

Research is an essential field in design, encompassing structural, material, and technological factors that serve both the project and the manufacturing of the object. The study of bionics and the analysis of performance and natural forms for subsequent application are vital in this field.

The Design Creation Process

The creation process is consistent across all design fields and consists of:

• Analysis: Evaluating object characteristics, budget, materials, and existing market competitors. All information is compiled into a written report accompanying the visual data.
• Visual Execution:
  • a) Sketching: Initial drawings, layouts, and color concepts.
  • b) Technical Drawing: Hand-drawn views of the object with necessary dimensions.

Classification

Oracle Nested Tables and Object Types

1. Implementing Nested Tables

Define the object type and the nested table structure:

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE detalle_tip AS OBJECT (
  id_producto NUMBER(3),
  cantidad NUMBER(10)
);

CREATE TYPE nest_detalle AS TABLE OF detalle_tip;

Create the parent table and store the nested table:

CREATE TABLE orden (
  id_orden NUMBER,
  fecha DATE NOT NULL,
  detalles nest_detalle
) NESTED TABLE detalles STORE AS store_detalles;

Insert and query data:

INSERT INTO orden VALUES (100, SYSDATE, nest_detalle(detalle_tip(10, 1000)));

SELECT id_orden, t2.id_producto FROM orden t, TABLE(t.detalles) t2;
SELECT id_orden, fecha, t2.id_producto, t2.cantidad FROM orden t, TABLE(t.detalles) t2;

2. Varrays and Nested Tables in Companies

CREATE