Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Ancient Greek Sculpture

Ancient Art from the 8th to the 1st Century BC

• Archaic Period: 8th – 6th Century BC
• Classical Period: 5th – 4th Century BC
• Hellenistic Period: 3rd – 1st Century BC (ending when Greece becomes a Roman province)

The Archaic Period and the Ideal of Man

During the Archaic period, far from the monumentalism of other cultures, the Greeks conceived of their art according to the postulate of Protagoras: "Man is the measure of all things."

These were not mere pictures; they represented individuals seeking an ideal beauty, nor were they simply figures of weapons. They are represented in the round (viewable from all angles), free-standing (occupying a single plane), or textured (stonework). This was a formative period that established...

Features of Spoken Language

Social partners have a choice of recording, social, or geographical range; they can even switch languages or register for greater expressiveness. The text is flexible in planning. The selection of information supports digressions, thematic breaks, repetitions; the structure of the text can be changed, and the more informal the text, the more numerous and more general the topics.

Spontaneity is reflected in linguistic forms such as frequent exclamatory and interrogative sentence patterns, and the syntax is simple. It respects the logical order of the elements of the phrase and includes frequent ellipses. Shared time and place are manifested through indexicals. Elements specific to the colloquial register appear and...

The Aesthetic Experience and Its Features

The work of art is driven by the intuition of beauty. Intuition is a living experience, both intellectual and emotional. Empiricist psychology tends to reduce aesthetic emotion to mere sensation or feeling. According to others, it reaches such complexity that it is accessible only to technical experts or selected spirits. It is the subject as a whole that is moved; deep powers of the self are fulfilled. The aesthetic seems to lie in the ability of objects to command our attention.

The aesthetic experience provides us with different pleasures. Each person, culture, and generation has privileged specific tastes, as the aesthetic experience is always a constructed one.

Key Features of Aesthetic Experience

• Amazement

I. Characteristics of Journalistic Genres

The newspaper is a widely used means of communication. Its specific features include the ability to provoke reader reflection, a lack of immediacy compared to other genres, and the use of mixed coding schemes. This involves linguistic codes alongside iconography, color, and typographical and spatial elements.

We can classify journalistic roles based on two criteria:

a) According to the channel used:

• Written Journalism: General newspapers and specialized information journals.
• Electronic Journalism: Presented as images, sounds, or both on screens via television, radio, or the internet.

b) According to intentionality:

• Information Journalism: Facts are told objectively.
• Opinion Journalism: Journalists bring their

Renaissance Art

Context and Origins

The Renaissance is characterized as a rebirth of classical antiquity, originating in Italy during the fifteenth century. Unlike other parts of Europe, Italy did not fully embrace medieval art; classicism was always present. The Renaissance is an Italian art movement that stretched across Europe.

While primarily Italian, the movement influenced other regions. For example, in Flanders during the fifteenth century, a distinct school arose, exemplified by artists like Van Eyck.

Key Characteristics

Linked to cultural Humanism, the Renaissance brought a new idea: anthropocentrism versus theocentrism. It recovered classical culture, shifting focus from purely church-centric thought.

Economic and Political Factors

Economically,...

Roussillon (Northern Catalonia)

• Absence of words with stress on the antepenultimate syllable (esdrúixols).
• Endings in the first-person present tense, the preterit, the imperfect indicative, and the conditional: canto (I sing), regava (I watered), regava (I watered).
• Use of the verb "to be" as an auxiliary verb for verbs of motion: sempre he anat (I have always gone).
• Use of Occitanisms, Gallicisms, Welsh words, and exclusive words like nugues (new).
• Negation with the particle pas: pas sense (not without).

Alghero (Alghero, Sardinia)

• Confusion of "l" and "d" with "r".
• Lack of desinence in the first-person present indicative: canto (I sing).
• Use of archaisms, Sardisms, and Italianisms.

Central Catalan

• Tonic vowel system consisting of 7 sounds and 3 atonic

Characteristics of Lyric Poetry

• Poetic function: Often utilizes synonym poetry.
• Emotional role: Focuses on intimacy.
• Concentration and brevity: Interiorization of vital experiences where elements are stripped of the anecdotal.
• Lack of spatiotemporal development: No plot; the topic is a particular feeling.
• Form: Written in verse or poetic prose.
• Versification: Justified by the text, it provides a sound dimension, representing the poet's condensation effort and the stylization of the message.
• Rhythm: Created through the repetition of sounds, pauses, and accents. It is born associated with musicality for recitation or singing (oral slope), utilizing visual and typographical resources.
• Musicality: Through verse, the word approaches music, requiring an

The Realist movement in Spanish literature, particularly prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, saw a rise of narrators who meticulously depicted contemporary society, regional customs, and psychological depths. Here, we highlight some of the most significant figures of this period.

José María de Pereda

Born in Cantabria, José María de Pereda stands out for his vivid portrayal of local types and backgrounds, particularly for the grandeur with which he captured the nature and landscapes of his homeland in his novels. His most relevant works include:

• Sotileza: A compelling sea novel.
• Peñas Arriba: Depicting the rural mountain world, where the beauty and customs of the village people captivate the young Marcelo, who has arrived

Jackson Pollock's Number 1 (1948)

Classification of the Work

• Title: Number 1
• Author: Jackson Pollock
• Timeline: 1948
• School or Country: USA
• Style: Abstract Expressionism

Theme

A path of fine lines overlaps and extends across the canvas, creating a composition that seems to have no limits.

Description

• Support: Canvas
• Technique: Oil and enamel painting (with aluminum paint)

Formal and Compositional Elements

• Form: Open pictorial
• Composition: Open or centrifugal
• Geometric Perspective
• Asymmetry
• Technique/Geometry: Dripping

Antecedents and Subsequent Influences

Pollock learned techniques from Native American (Navajo) sand painting. He also studied the works of Picasso and Miró. He created and utilized the dripping technique in several paintings.

Relations with Similar